Tempusとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From Proto-Italic *tempos; thence, two ultimate origins have been proposed:

• From Proto-Indo-European *tempos (“stretch”), from the extension *temp- of the root *ten- (“to stretch, string”), with meaning development "what is stretched, stretching" → "stretch (of time)" → "time, occasion".
• From Proto-Indo-European *temh₁- (“to cut”), thus "a section (of time)", this root also giving Latin temnō, tondeō, Ancient Greek τέμνω (témnō). templum is a possible cognate that has also been assigned to both roots.

Sense 2 is a semantic loan from Ancient Greek τὰ καίρῐᾰ (tà kaírĭă, “the vital or fatal place (on the body)”), from καιρός (kairós, “time, opportunity, etc.”), and is less frequent in singular form. Compare 古期英語 þunwang (“temple of the head”), Middle High German tinne, tinge (“forehead, temples”).

As seen from the adverb temperī, the noun would originally have declined like genus.

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈtɛm.pʊs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈt̪ɛm.pus]

名詞

tempus n (genitive temporis); third declension

1. (literally):
   1. a time (a portion or period of time)

      ad/in tempus ― temporarily; for a time

      tempus diurnum ― daytime

      • c. 37 BCE – 30 BCE, Virgil, Georgics III.284:

        sed fvgit intereā fvgit inreparābile tempvs

        But it flees, meanwhile, it flees... irretrievable time.

      • c. 99 BCE – 55 BCE, Lucretius, De rerum natura 5.220:

        Cur anni tempora morbos adportant?

        Why do the seasons of the year bring maladies?

      1. (especially) an interval, period (the time intervening between two events)
         • 397 CE – 401 CE, Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis, Confessions 4:

           per īdem tempus annōrum novem, ab ūndēvīcēnsimō annō aetātis meae ūsque ad duodētrīcēnsimum, sēdūcēbāmur et sēdūcēbāmus

           During this period of nine years, from my nineteenth year to my twenty-eighth, I went astray and led others astray.

   2. (in general) time
      • c. 4 BCE – 65 CE, Seneca the Younger, Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium 1.1.3:

        Omnia, Lūcīlī, aliēna sunt; tempus tantum nostrum est [...].

        All things, Lucilius, are otherwise; time alone is ours.

   3. (in particular) the kairos, right time, due season, due time, proper time, appointed time, opportune time, opportunity

      in tempore ― at the appropriate time; in due season

      ad tempus venīre ― to come at the right time

      ante tempus ― too soon (literally, “before the right time”)

2. (anatomy):
   1. (in the plural) the temples (sides of the head)
   2. (poetic, transferred sense) (in general) the face, visage; the head
3. (other transferred senses):
   1. the state of the times, position, state, condition; (in the plural) the times, circumstances (the time or age in its moral aspects)

      prō tempore ― according to the circumstances

      • 63 BCE, Cicero, Catiline Orations Oratio in Catilinam Prima in Senatu Habita.II:

        Ō tempora, ō mōrēs! Senātus haec intellegit, cōnsul videt; hic tamen vīvit. Vīvit?

        Shame on the age and on its principles! The senate is aware of these things; the consul sees them; and yet this man lives. Lives!

   2. (poetry, rhetoric) time; measure, quantity
   3. (grammar) a tense (property of a verb that indicates the point in time at which an action or state of being occurs)
   4. (Medieval Latin, rare) the weather

語形変化

Third-declension noun (neuter, imparisyllabic non-i-stem), with locative.

Locative used in the sense "in time".

派生語

派生した語

From tempora (plural):

参照

Further reading

• “tempus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “tempus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "tempus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “tempus”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to be separated by an immense interval of space and time: intervallo locorum et temporum disiunctum esse
    
  • time passes: tempus praeterit, transit
    
  • to have time for a thing: tempus habere alicui rei
    
  • I have no time to do something: tempus mihi deest ad aliquid faciendum
    
  • to pass one's time in doing something: tempus consumere in aliqua re
    
  • to waste time on something: tempus terere, conterere (in) aliqua re
    
  • to employ one's time in..: tempus conferre ad aliquid
    
  • to devote time to anything: tempus tribuere alicui rei
    
  • to lose no time: tempus non amittere, perdere
    
  • to devote every spare moment to...; to work without intermission at a thing: nullum tempus intermittere, quin (also ab opere, or ad opus)
    
  • to spend time: tempus ducere
    
  • to put off till another time; to postpone: aliquid in aliud tempus, in posterum differre
    
  • to require, give, take time for deliberation: tempus (spatium) deliberandi or ad deliberandum postulare, dare, sibi sumere
    
  • to accommodate oneself to circumstances: tempori servire, cedere
    
  • since the time that, since (at the beginning of a sentence): ex quo tempore or simply ex quo
    
  • at the same moment that, precisely when: eo ipso tempore, cum; tum ipsum, cum
    
  • occasions arise for..: incidunt tempora, cum
    
  • circumstances demand: tempus (ita) fert (not secum)
    
  • it is high time that..: tempus maximum est, ut
    
  • the present day: haec tempora, nostra haec aetas, memoria
    
  • in our time; in our days: his temporibus, nostra (hac) aetate, nostra memoria, his (not nostris) diebus
    
  • in the time of Pericles: aetate (temporibus) Periclis
    
  • in old days, in the olden time: antiquis temporibus
    
  • the imperial epoch: tempora Caesariana
    
  • a man of considerable learning for those times: vir ut temporibus illis doctus
    
  • in process of time: tempore progrediente
    
  • at the first opportunity: primo quoque tempore
    
  • at this moment: hoc tempore
    
  • in an instant: puncto temporis
    
  • at the important moment: momento temporis
    
  • just at the critical moment: in ipso discrimine (articulo) temporis
    
  • on the spur of the moment: temporis causa
    
  • to be there at a given time: ad tempus adesse
    
  • for a short time: ad exiguum tempus
    
  • for a short time: brevis or exigui temporis
    
  • after some time: spatio temporis intermisso
    
  • at present; for the moment: in praesentia, in praesens (tempus)
    
  • the spirit of the times, the fashion: saeculi consuetudo or ratio atque inclinatio temporis (temporum)
    
  • the succession of the four seasons: commutationes temporum quadripartitae
    
  • in spring, summer, autumn, winter time: verno, aestivo, auctumnali, hiberno tempore
    
  • the charms of spring: suavitas verni temporis
    
  • morning, noon, evening, night: tempus matutīnum, meridianum, vespertinum, nocturnum
    
  • the morning hours: tempora matutina
    
  • to live (all) one's life (honourably, in the country, as a man of learning): vitam, aetatem (omnem aetatem, omne aetatis tempus) agere (honeste, ruri, in litteris), degere, traducere
    
  • the last stage of life, one's last days: extremum tempus aetatis
    
  • under such unfavourable circumstances: in tanta rerum (temporum) iniquitate
    
  • according to circumstances: pro re (nata), pro tempore
    
  • according to circumstances: pro tempore et pro re
    
  • not to leave off work for an instant: nullum tempus a labore intermittere
    
  • to spend one's leisure hours on an object: otiosum tempus consumere in aliqua re
    
  • to devote all one's leisure moments to study: omne (otiosum) tempus in litteris consumere
    
  • the history of our own times; contemporary history: memoria huius aetatis (horum temporum)
    
  • universal history: omnis memoria, omnis memoria aetatum, temporum, civitatum or omnium rerum, gentium, temporum, saeculorum memoria
    
  • to consult history: memoriam annalium or temporum replicare
    
  • the mythical period, the heroic age: tempora heroica (N. D. 3. 21. 54)
    
  • to go back to the remote ages: repetere ab ultima (extrema, prisca) antiquitate (vetustate), ab heroicis temporibus
    
  • chronology: temporum ratio, descriptio, ordo
    
  • to observe the chronological order of events: temporum ordinem servare
    
  • to observe the chronological order of events: servare et notare tempora
    
  • to narrate events in the order of their occurrence: res temporum ordine servato narrare
    
  • to make a chronological mistake: temporibus errare (Phil. 2. 9. 23)
    
  • to calculate the date of an event: ad temporum rationem aliquid revocare
    
  • to be exact in calculating dates: diligentem esse in exquirendis temporibus
    
  • to speak extempore: subito, ex tempore (opp. ex praeparato) dicere