Breachとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From 中期英語 breche, from 古期英語 bryċe (“fracture, breach”) and brǣċ (“breach, breaking, destruction”), from Proto-West Germanic *bruki, from Proto-Germanic *brukiz (“breach, fissure”) and *brēkō (“breaking”).

発音

• IPA: /bɹiːtʃ/
• 韻: -iːtʃ
• Homophone: breech

名詞

breach (plural breaches)

1. A gap or opening made by breaking or battering, as in a wall, fortification or levee / embankment; the space between the parts of a solid body rent by violence.

   Synonyms: break, rupture, fissure

   • 1599 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Life of Henry the Fift”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i]:

     "Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more; Or close the wall up with our English dead."

   • 2020 August 26, “Network News: Major flood damage severs key Edinburgh-Glasgow rail artery”, in Rail, page 21:

     Services between Glasgow Queen Street and Edinburgh Waverley via Falkirk High are currently suspended, following a 30-metre breach of the Union Canal that occurred on August 12 after torrential rain and thunderstorms. The thousands of gallons of water that cascaded onto the railway line below washed away track, ballast and overhead line equipment, and undermined embankments along a 300-metre section of Scotland's busiest rail link.

2. The act of breaking, in a figurative sense.
   • 1748, David Hume, Enquiry concerning Human Understanding, Section 3, § 12:

     But were the poet to make a total difression from his subject, and introduce a new actor, nowise connected with the personages, the imagination, feeling a breach in transition, would enter coldly into the new scene;

3. (law) A breaking or infraction of a law, or of any obligation or tie; violation; non-fulfillment.

   breach of promise

4. A breaking up of amicable relations, a falling out.
   • c. 1603–1604 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Othello, the Moore of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:

     There's fallen between him and my lord / An unkind breach.

5. (figurative) A difference in opinions, social class, etc.
   • 2013 September 28, Kenan Malik, “London Is Special, but Not That Special”, in New York Times, retrieved 28 September 2013:

     For London to have its own exclusive immigration policy would exacerbate the sense that immigration benefits only certain groups and disadvantages the rest. It would entrench the gap between London and the rest of the nation. And it would widen the breach between the public and the elite that has helped fuel anti-immigrant hostility.

6. A breaking of waters, as over a vessel or a coastal defence; the waters themselves.

   Synonyms: surge, surf

   A clear breach is when the waves roll over the vessel without breaking. A clean breach is when everything on deck is swept away.

   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 2 Samuel 5:20, column 1:

     And Dauid came to Baal-Perazim, and Daiud ſmote them there, and ſaid, The Lord hath broken foorth vpon mine enemies before me, as the breach of waters.

   • 1719, Daniel Defoe, Robinson Crusoe:

     I cast my eye to the stranded vessel, when, the breach and froth of the sea being so big, I could hardly see it, it lay so far of; and considered, Lord! how was it possible I could get on shore.

7. A breaking out upon; an assault.
   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, 1 Chronicles 13:11, columns 1–2:

     And Dauid was diſpleaſed, becauſe the Lord had made a breach vpon Uzza; wherefore that place is called Perez-Uzza, to this day.

8. (archaic) A bruise; a wound.
   • c. 1587–1588 (date written), [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire; London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act II, scene vii:

     An vncouth paine torments my grieued ſoule,
     And death arreſts the organe of my voyce.
     Who entring at the breach thy ſword hath made,
     Sackes euery vaine and artier of my heart, […]

   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Leviticus 24:20, column 1:

     Breach, for breach, eye for eye, tooth for tooth: as he hath cauſed a blemiſh in a man, ſo ſhall it be done to him againe.

9. (archaic) A hernia; a rupture.

同意語

派生語

動詞

breach (third-person singular simple present breaches, present participle breaching, simple past and past participle breached)

1. (transitive) To make a breach in.

   They breached the outer wall, but not the main one.

2. (transitive) To violate or break.

   breach an agreement

   breach an accord

   • 2000, Justice Stevens., Mobile Oil Exploration & Producing Southeast, Inc. v. United States:

     "I therefore agree with the Court that the Government did breach its contract with petitioners in failing to approve, within 30 days of its receipt, the plan of exploration petitioners submitted."

3. (transitive, nautical, of the sea) To break into a ship or into a coastal defence.
   • 1947 January and February, H. A. Vallance, “The Sea Wall at Dawlish”, in Railway Magazine, page 18:

     On this occasion, the damage was far more serious. The sea wall was breached completely for a distance of over 50 yd., and the gap had to be bridged by a temporary timber viaduct.

4. (intransitive) To suffer a breach.
   • 1994, Brannon Braga, Ronald D. Moore, “All Good Things...”, in Star Trek: The Next Generation, season 7, episodes 25-26, Patrick Stewart (actor):

     Picard: We don't have time for this! The Pasteur’s core is going to breach!

5. (intransitive, of a whale or other sea creature) To leap out of the water.
   • 1835, Joseph C. Hart, Miriam Coffin, or The whale-fishermen, volume 2, Harper & brothers, page 147:

     The fearless whale-fishermen now found themselves in the midst of the monsters; ... some ... came jumping into the light of day, head uppermost, exhibiting their entire bodies in the sun, and falling on their sides into the water with the weight of a hundred tons, and thus "breaching" with a crash that the thunder of a park of artillery could scarcely equal.

   • 1837, Robert Hamilton, The natural history of the ordinary cetacea or whales, W.H. Lizars, page 166:

     But one of its most surprising feats, as has been mentioned of the genera already described, is leaping completely out of the water, or 'breaching,' as it is called. ... it seldom breaches more than twice or thrice at a time, and in quick succession.

6. (law, informal, transitive, usually passive) To charge, convict or take legal action against someone due to not meeting a legal obligation.
   • 2011 June 7, D.A. Harris, “R. v. Larochelle, 2011 ONCJ 339”, in CanLII‎, retrieved 10 October 2021:

     […] the Pre-Sentence Report states that: "He was breached by the probation officer within several months of the commencement of the Probation Order for failing to report as he relocated to another Province and did not report there as directed. […] "

   • 2023 January 30, Frances Fernandez, “Can I stop paying rent if the landlord refuses to do maintenance?”, in First National Real Estate Rochedale‎:

     However, you can breach your landlord if the maintenance item is considered an emergency repair under the terms of your lease.

   • 2025 February 27, “Tenant rental rights you need to know about”, in RentCover‎:

     Tenants have a right to breach a landlord for a failure to undertake necessary maintenance.

   • 2016 February 16, Max Mason, “ACMA boss Chris Chapman calls for stronger powers”, in Sydney Morning Herald‎:

     "We breached them for a number of code breaches and we recommended to the Nine Network that they publish that and essentially what we were saying is that if you do that then we'll consider the file closed," Mr Chapman said.

   • 2025 March 4, Barbara Pocock, “Parliamentary Joint Committee on Corporations and Financial Services - 04/03/2025 - Oversight of ASIC, the Takeovers Panel and the Corporations Legislation public hearing”, in parliamentary debates‎:

     How often have you had to breach someone for, effectively, failure to cooperate with an investigation by not providing information?

派生語

アナグラム

• Béchar, Bacher