extremeとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

Borrowed into late 中期英語 from Old French extreme, from Latin extrēmus, the superlative of exter.

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ɪkˈstɹiːm/, /ˌɛkˈstɹiːm/
• (General American) IPA: /ɪkˈstɹim/
• 韻: -iːm

形容詞

extreme (comparative extremer or more extreme, superlative extremest or most extreme)

1. Of a place, the most remote, farthest or outermost.

   Synonyms: farthest, furthest, most distant, outermost, remotest

   Antonyms: closest, nearest

   At the extreme edges, the coating is very thin.

2. In the greatest or highest degree; intense.

   Synonyms: greatest, highest, dreadful

   Antonym: least

   He has an extreme aversion to needles, and avoids visiting the doctor.

   • 1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XIII, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

     And Vickers launched forth into a tirade very different from his platform utterances. He spoke with extreme contempt of the dense stupidity exhibited on all occasions by the working classes. He said that if you wanted to do anything for them, you must rule them, not pamper them.

   • 2023 May 18, Reuters, “Chipmakers look to Japan as worries about China grow”, in CNN Business‎:

     Micron said in a statement that it would bring extreme ultraviolet (EUV) technology to Japan, becoming the first semiconductor company to do so, and expected to invest up to 500 billion yen ($3.6 billion) with support from the Japanese government.

3. Excessive, or far beyond the norm.

   Synonyms: immoderate, unrestrained; see also Thesaurus:excessive

   Antonyms: moderate, reasonable

   His extreme love of model trains showed in the rails that criscrossed his entire home.

   • 2013 March, Frank Fish, George Lauder, “Not Just Going with the Flow”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 2, page 114:

     An extreme version of vorticity is a vortex. The vortex is a spinning, cyclonic mass of fluid, which can be observed in the rotation of water going down a drain, as well as in smoke rings, tornados and hurricanes.

4. Drastic, or of great severity.

   Synonyms: drastic, severe

   Antonyms: moderate, reasonable

   I think the new laws are extreme, but many believe them necessary for national security.

5. Of sports, difficult or dangerous; performed in a hazardous environment.

   Synonym: dangerous

   Television has begun to reflect the growing popularity of extreme sports such as bungee jumping and skateboarding.

6. (archaic) Ultimate, final or last.

   Synonyms: final, last, ultimate; see also Thesaurus:final

   the extreme hour of life

派生語

名詞

extreme (plural extremes)

1. The greatest or utmost point, degree, or condition.
   • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter II, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

     Sunning himself on the board steps, I saw for the first time Mr. Farquhar Fenelon Cooke. […] A silver snaffle on a heavy leather watch guard which connected the pockets of his corduroy waistcoat, together with a huge gold stirrup in his Ascot tie, sufficiently proclaimed his tastes. […] But withal there was a perceptible acumen about the man which was puzzling in the extreme.

2. Each of the things at opposite ends of a range or scale.

   Synonym: pole

   extremes of temperature

   • 2017, Anthony J. McMichael, Alistair Woodward, Cameron Muir, Climate Change and the Health of Nations, →ISBN, page 56:

     Most public discussion about heat extremes refers to risks faced by the general community. Yet even greater extremes of heat exposure do and will occur in many occupational settings, posing special risks to health, behavior, and work capacity.

3. (obsolete, plural only) One of the last moments of life.
4. A drastic expedient.

   Some people go to extremes for attention on social media.

5. (obsolete, plural only) Hardships, straits.
   • c. 1587–1588, [Christopher Marlowe], Tamburlaine the Great. […] The First Part […], 2nd edition, part 1, London: […] [R. Robinson for] Richard Iones, […], published 1592, →OCLC; reprinted as Tamburlaine the Great (A Scolar Press Facsimile), Menston, Yorkshire, London: Scolar Press, 1973, →ISBN, Act III, scene ii:

     a farther paſſion feeds my thoughts,
     With ceaſeleſſe and diſconſolate conceits,
     Which dies my lookes so liueleſſe as they are,
     And might, if my extreames had ful euents,
     Make me the gaſtly counterfeit of death.

6. (mathematics) Either of the two numbers at the ends of a proportion, as 1 and 6 in 1:2=3:6.

副詞

extreme (comparative more extreme, superlative most extreme)

1. (archaic) Extremely.
   • 1796, Charles Burney, Memoirs of the Life and Writings of Metastasio, section 2.5:

     In the empty and extreme cold theatre.

使用する際の注意点

• Formerly used to modify adjectives and sometimes adverbs, but rarely verbs.

派生語

関連する語

• extremum

参考

• mean

参照

• John A. Simpson and Edmund S. C. Weiner, editors (1989), “extreme”, in The Oxford English Dictionary, 2nd edition, Oxford: Clarendon Press, →ISBN.

参照

• "extreme", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• extreme in Ramminger, Johann (2016 July 16 (last accessed)) Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016