Wo ofとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

The noun is derived from 中期英語 wof, oof, owf (“threads in a piece of woven fabric at right angles to the warp, weft, woof; also sometimes the warp; transverse filaments of a spider web”) [and other forms] (the forms beginning with w were influenced by warp and weft), from 古期英語 ōwef, āwef, from ō-, ā- (prefix meaning ‘away; from; off; out’) + *wef (“web”) (only attested in the form gewef (“woof”); from wefan (“to weave”), from Proto-West Germanic *weban (“to weave”), from Proto-Germanic *webaną (“to weave”), from Proto-Indo-European *webʰ- (“to braid; to weave”)).

The verb is derived from the noun.

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /wuːf/
• (General American) enPR: wo͝of IPA: /wʊf/, /wuf/
• 韻: -uːf, -ʊf

名詞

woof (plural woofs)

1. (weaving)
   1. The set of yarns carried by the shuttle of a loom which are placed crosswise at right angles to and interlaced with the warp; the weft.
      • 1530 January 27 (Gregorian calendar), W[illiam] T[yndale], transl., [The Pentateuch] (Tyndale Bible), Malborow [Marburg], Hesse: […] Hans Luft [actually Antwerp: Johan Hoochstraten], →OCLC, Leuiticus xiij:[47 and 52], folio XXIII, recto:

        When the plage of leproſye is in a cloth: […] that cloth ſhalbe burnt, ether warpe or wolfe, whether it be wollen or lynen or any thynge that is made of ſkynne where the plage is, […]

      • 1603, Plutarch, “The Banquet of the Seven Sages”, in Philemon Holland, transl., The Philosophie, Commonlie Called, The Morals […], London: […] Arnold Hatfield, →OCLC, page 337:

        […] Solon vvas of this opinion, that the proper vvorke of every art and facultie, as vvell divine as humane, vvas rather the effect and thing by it vvrought, than that vvhereby it vvas effected; […] for ſo I ſuppoſe that a vveaver vvill ſay, that his vvorke is to make a vveb for a mantle, a coat or ſuch a robe, and not to ſpoole, vvinde quils, lay his vvarpe, ſhoot oufe, or raiſe and let fall the vveights and ſtones hanging to the loome: […]

      • 1631, Francis [Bacon], “IX. Century. [Experiment Solitary Touching Other Passions of Matter, and Characters of Bodies.]”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], 3rd edition, London: […] William Rawley […]; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC, paragraph 846, page 216:

        […] Paſsions of Matter, are Plebeian Notions, applied vnto the Inſtruments and Vſes vvhich Men ordinarily practiſe; But they are all but the Effects of ſome of theſe Cauſes follovving; […] The Fourteenth is the Placing, of the Tangible Parts, in Length, or Tranſuerſe; (as it is in the VVarpe, and the VVoofe of Textiles;) […]

   2. (by extension) A woven fabric; also, the texture of a fabric.
      • 1658, Thomas Browne, “The Garden of Cyrus. […]. Chapter II.”, in Hydriotaphia, Urne-buriall, […] Together with The Garden of Cyrus, […], London: […] Hen[ry] Brome […], →OCLC, pages 110–111:

        [T]his is no lavv unto the vvoof of the neat Retiarie Spider, vvhich ſeems to vveave vvithout tranſverſion, and by the union of right lines to make out a continued ſurface, vvhich is beyond the common art of Textury, and may ſtill nettle Minerva the Godeſſe of that myſtery.

      • 1725, Homer, “Book IV”, in [Elijah Fenton], transl., The Odyssey of Homer. […], volume I, London: […] Bernard Lintot, →OCLC, page 153, lines 163–164:

        To ſpread the pall beneath the regal chair / Of ſofteſt vvoof, is bright Alcippe’s care.

      • 1757, John Dyer, “Book II”, in The Fleece: A Poem. […], London: […] R[obert] and J[ames] Dodsley, […], →OCLC, page 77, lines 600–602:

        The purple ſtain on fleecy vvoofs he ſpread, / VVhich lur'd the eye, adorning many a nymph, / And drevv the pomp of trade to riſing Tyre.

      • 1791, Homer, “[The Odyssey.] Book V.”, in W[illiam] Cowper, transl., The Iliad and Odyssey of Homer, Translated into Blank Verse, […], volume II, London: […] J[oseph] Johnson, […], →OCLC, page 118, lines 274–277:

        […] Ulyſſes then in haſte / Put on his veſt and mantle, and, the nymph / Her ſnovvy veſture of tranſparent vvoof, / Graceful, redundant; […]

      • 1803, Erasmus Darwin, “Canto I. Production of Life.”, in The Temple of Nature; or, The Origin of Society: A Poem, with Philosophical Notes, London: Printed for J[oseph] Johnson, […], by T[homas] Bensley, […], →OCLC, section II, page 12, lines 133–136:

        Drawn round her [Nature's] brows a lucid veil depends, / O'er her fine waist the purfled woof descends; / Her stately limbs the gather'd folds surround, / And spread their golden selvage on the ground.

      • 1811, Walter Scott, The Vision of Don Roderick; a Poem, Edinburgh: […] James Ballantyne and Co. for John Ballantyne and Co. […]; London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme, and Brown, →OCLC, stanza XXIV, page 29:

        Flames dart their glare o'er midnight's sable woof, […]

        A figurative use.

      • 1838, [Edward Bulwer-Lytton], chapter V, in Alice or The Mysteries […], volume II, London: Saunders and Otley, […], →OCLC, book V, page 147:

        That girl's thread of life has been the dark line in my woof—she has robbed me of fortune—she now thwarts me in my career—she humbles me in my vanity.

      • 1846, [Edward Bulwer-Lytton], “Retrospect”, in Lucretia: Or The Children of Night. […], volume III, London: Saunders and Otley, […], →OCLC, part II, page 134:

        These causes of delay now vanished, the Parcæ closed the abrupt woof, and lifted the impending shears.

      • 1866, Edward Bulwer-Lytton, “The Wife of Miletus”, in The Lost Tales of Miletus, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, page 111:

        At either hand stood open the tall doors, / But partly draped by woofs of Phrygian looms; […]

   3. (by extension, loosely, chiefly poetic) The thread or yarn used to form the weft of woven fabric; the fill, the weft.
      • 1634 October 9 (first performance), [John Milton], edited by H[enry] Lawes, A Maske Presented at Ludlow Castle, 1634: […] [Comus], London: […] [Augustine Matthews] for Hvmphrey Robinson, […], published 1637, →OCLC; reprinted as Comus: […] (Dodd, Mead & Company’s Facsimile Reprints of Rare Books; Literature Series; no. I), New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1903, →OCLC, page 4:

        [F]irſt I muſt put off / Theſe my skie robes ſpun out of Iris vvooffe, / And take the vveeds and likeneſſe of a Svvaine, […]

      • 1667, John Milton, “Book X”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC, lines 244–246:

        Iris had dipt the wooff; / His ſtarrie Helme unbuckl'd ſhew'd him prime / In Manhood where Youth ended; […]

      • 1892, H[enry] Rider Haggard, “The Counsel of Baleka”, in Nada the Lily (Longmans’ Colonial Library), London; New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green, and Co., […], →OCLC, page 87:

        Or am I mad, my father, and did I weave these visions from the woof of my madness? I do not know, but it is true that I seemed to see them.

        A figurative use.

   4. (obsolete, rare) Synonym of weaving (“the process of making woven material on a loom”).
      • 1700, [John] Dryden, “Ceyx and Alcyone”, in Fables Ancient and Modern; […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC, page 370:

        Mean time Alcyone (his Fate unknovvn) / Computes hovv many Nights he had been gone, / […] / Againſt the promis'd Time provides vvith care, / And haſtens in the VVoof the Robes he vvas to vvear: / And for her Self employs another Loom, / Nevv-dreſs'd to meet her Lord returning home, / Flatt'ring her Heart vvith Joys that never vvere to come: […]

2. (figurative)
   1. Something which is interwoven with another thing.
      • 1882, [Mary Elizabeth Braddon], “‘Alas for Me then, My Good Days are Done’”, in Mount Royal […], volume II, London: John and Robert Maxwell […], →OCLC, page 19:

        [T]he woof of self-interest is so cunningly interwoven with the warp of righteous feeling that very few of us can tell where the threads cross.

   2. An underlying foundation or structure of something; a fabric.
      • 1596, Tho[mas] Nashe, “Dialogus”, in Haue with You to Saffron-Walden. Or, Gabriell Harveys Hunt is Up. […], London: […] John Danter, →OCLC; republished as J[ohn] P[ayne] C[ollier], editor, Have with You to Saffron-Walden (Miscellaneous Tracts; Temp. Eliz. and Jac. I), [London: s.n., 1870], →OCLC, page 82:

        The proces of that Oration was of the ſame woofe and thrid with the beginning; […]

      • 1761 (date written), [Thomas] Gray, “Ode VIII. The Fatal Sisters. From the Norse Tongue.”, in The Poems of Mr. Gray. […], York, Yorkshire: […] A[nn] Ward; and sold by J[ames] Dodsley, […]; and J[ohn] Todd, […], published 1775, →OCLC, stanza 5, page 46:

        Miſta black, terrific Maid, / Sangrida, and Hilda ſee, / Join the vvayvvard vvork to aid: / 'Tis the vvoof of victory.

      • 1838, [Samuel Griswold Goodrich], “The Fireside”, in Fireside Education. […], New York, N.Y.: Samuel Colman, →OCLC, page 71:

        The fireside, then, is a seminary of infinite importance; it is important because it is universal, and because the education it bestows, being woven in with the woof of childhood, gives form and color to the whole texture of social life. There are few who can receive the honors of a college, but all are graduates of the hearth.

      • 1862 July – 1863 August, George Eliot [pseudonym; Mary Ann Evans], “The Old Man’s Hope”, in Romola. […], volume I, London: Smith, Elder and Co., […], published 1863, →OCLC, book I, page 315:

        The blind old scholar—whose proud truthfulness would never enter into that commerce of feigned and preposterous admiration which, varied by a corresponding measureless in vituperation, made the woof of all learned intercourse—had fallen into neglect even among his fellow-citizens, […]

派生語

• warp and woof

動詞

woof (third-person singular simple present woofs, present participle woofing, simple past and past participle woofed) (transitive, rare)

1. (weaving) To place (yarns) crosswise at right angles to and interlaced with the warp in a loom.
   • 1894, Alice C[laire] MacDonell, “The Weaving of the Tartan”, in Elizabeth A[melia] Sharp, editor, Lyra Celtica: An Anthology of Representative Celtic Poetry […], Edinburgh: Patrick Geddes and Colleagues […], published 1896, →OCLC, page 252:

     And warp well the long threads, / The bright threads, the strong threads; / Woof well the cross threads, / To make the colours shine.

   • 1936–1938, W. W. Dixon, quoting Dan Smith, “Dan Smith: Ex-slave 75 Years [Project #1655]”, in Slave Narratives: A Folk History of Slavery in the United States from Interviews with Former Slaves […], volume XIV (South Carolina Narratives), part 4, Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress, published 1941, →OCLC, page 97:

     After de yarn was spin, it was reeled off de spools into hanks and then took to de warper. Then she woofed it, warped it, and loomed it into cloth. Her make for yards in a day.

2. (figurative) To interweave (something) with another thing; to weave (several things) together.
   • 1922 July, Mrs. Cecil Clementi [Marie Penelope Rose Eyres], “An Odyssey of Fourteen Rivers”, in Blackwood’s Magazine, American edition, volume CCXII, number MCCLXXXI, New York, N.Y.: The Leonard Scott Publication Co., Barr Ferree, prop[rietor] […], →OCLC, page 6, column 2:

     Here and there, where the land has not been cleared and the tide of dense swamp-forest closes upon the road, one gazes into the fearful tangle of vegetation, warped and woofed together by lianas and creeping plants of every description, and then realises what the work of clearing has been.

   • 1997, Jerome Frisk, “The Theoretical (Re)Positions of the New Western History”, in Forrest G[len] Robinson, editor, The New Western History: The Territory Ahead, Tucson, Ariz.: University of Arizona Press, published 1998, →ISBN, page 23:

     Many would contest the view (which [Patricia Nelson] Limerick shares with [Gerald D.] Nash) that the '60s generation was forged by some common experience, and warped and woofed into a programmatic consensus of evaluative priorities and analytical strategies.

語源 2

The interjection and noun are onomatopoeic. Interjection etymology 2, interjection sense 2 (“used to express strong physical attraction for someone”) probably alludes to the eager barking of a dog.

The verb is probably derived from the interjection and the noun. Verb etymology 2, verb sense 1.2 (“to eat (food) voraciously”) may be influenced by or, alternatively, derived from wolf (“to eat (food) voraciously, devour, gobble”).

発音

• (Received Pronunciation, General American) IPA: /wʊf/
• 韻: -ʊf

間投詞

woof

1. Used to indicate the sound of a dog barking, or something resembling it.
   • 1885 September, H[enry] Rider Haggard, “An Elephant Hunt”, in King Solomon’s Mines, London; Paris: Cassell & Company, […], published 1887, →OCLC, page 55:

     Presently, from the depths of the bush behind us, came a loud "woof, woof!" "That's a lion," said I, and we all started up to listen.

   • 1918, Boyd Cable [pseudonym], “Bring Home the ’Bus”, in Air Men o’ War, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, page 14:

     "Woof" came another [anti-aircraft] shell, and then in quick succession another and another, the last one dead ahead and with such correct elevation that, a second later, the machine flashed through the streaming black smoke of the burst.

   • 1933 March, E. Waldo Long, “Ricardo Draws the Line”, in Boys’ Life. The Boy Scouts’ Magazine, volume XXIII, number 3, New York, N.Y.: Boy Scouts of America, →OCLC, page 10, column 1:

     […] Ricardo [a collie] made the announcement in his usual manner—with suppressed exclamatory "woofs" that always sounded to Kimball like small explosions of canine emotion. And, also according to custom, Friday [a bear cub] promptly grew inexpressibly interested and excited. Those "woof" noises always were interpreted by him as warnings of the approach of something whose status as friend or foe had not yet been determined. […] Friday gave vent to a series of "woofs" in imitation of Ricardo […]

   • 1985 February, Michael Parfit, “Kodiak: ‘Twice as Good as Anybody!’”, in Connie Bourassa-Shaw, editor, Islands: An International Magazine, Santa Barbara, Calif.: Islands Publishing Company, →ISSN, →OCLC, page 47, column 2:

     Startled bears often make a ‘whoosh’ or ‘woof’ sound as they turn to run. As long as bears run, don’t be alarmed. If, however, bears stand their ground and begin a series of woofs (like air forced out of a bellows), or pop their teeth together, or both, then this is your invitation to leave.

   • 2002 November 5, Sharon Klayman Farber, When the Body Is the Target, Jason Aronson, Incorporated, →ISBN, page 442:

     Like a little girl, she did a Nick [name of dog] imitation for me, a sad "woof woof."

2. (humorous) Used to express strong physical attraction for someone.
   • 2015, Remmy Duchene, Love Me Harder, San Francisco, Calif.: Loose Id, →ISBN:

     I see a hardworking man, with a smile that lights up a room—very sexy—woof!

派生語

名詞

woof (plural woofs)

1. The sound a dog makes when barking; a bark.
2. (by extension) A sound resembling a dog's bark.
   • 1918, Boyd Cable [pseudonym], “Bring Home the ’Bus”, in Air Men o’ War, London: John Murray, […], →OCLC, page 14:

     He looked up and out a moment as there came to his ear, dully but unmistakably above the roar of the engine, the hoarse "woof" of a bursting anti-aircraft shell.

   • 1997, Fiona A. Reid, “Monkeys (Order Primates)”, in A Field Guide to the Mammals of Central America & Southeast Mexico, New York, N.Y.; Oxford, Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press, →ISBN, page 179, column 1:

     Calls [of the mantled howler monkey] include woofs, grunts, barks, and howls. […] A series of loud, low barks or woofs precede the long roar.

   1. (sound engineering) A low-frequency sound of bad quality produced by a loudspeaker.

等位語

派生語

• subwoofer
• woofer

動詞

woof (third-person singular simple present woofs, present participle woofing, simple past and past participle woofed)

1. (transitive)
   1. (African-American Vernacular, figurative) To say (something) in an aggressive or boastful manner.
   2. (originally British, Royal Air Force slang, informal) To eat (food) voraciously; to devour, to gobble, to wolf.
      • 2007 June 5, Patricia O’Grady, “Feeding a Homemade Diet”, in Woofing It Down: The Quick & Easy Guide to Making Healthy Dog Food at Home, Bloomington, Ind.: AuthorHouse, →ISBN, page 23:

        [N]othing makes me feel better than to see my dog's woofing down their food.

      • 2020, Ian Horan, “The Return of Tom Fuller”, in Psychotic Episodes: Another Collection of Crazy Stories, [Morrisville, N.C.: Lulu.com], →ISBN, page 64:

        The dog doesn't bark, it just stares at Tom. Tom pulls out the steaks. […] Tom throws them over and the dog woofs them down.

2. (intransitive)
   1. Of a dog: to bark.
      • 1955, Vladimir Nabokov, chapter 28, in Lolita, 1st American edition, New York, N.Y.: G[eorge] P[almer] Putnam’s Sons, published August 1958, →OCLC, part 2, page 271:

        A nondescript cur came out from behind the house, stopped in surprise, and started good-naturedly woof-woofing at me, his eyes slit, his shaggy belly all muddy, and then walked about a little and woofed once more.

      • 1988, May Wynne Lamb, “Arrival in Akiak”, in Dorothy Wynne Zimmerman, editor, Life in Alaska: The Reminiscences of a Kansas Woman, 1916–1919, Lincoln, Neb.; London: University of Nebraska Press, →ISBN, page 48:

        At the same time, Prince and Shep, who were a part of the household, whined and woofed a time or two, then rose from their rag mats to welcome me with dignity, quite unlike the savage malamutes that would have taken a pound of flesh and enjoyed it if their chains had snapped as I came up the lane.

      • 2023 December, Ian Dunbar, “Lure-reward Training Secrets”, in Barking Up the Right Tree: The Science and Practice of Positive Dog Training, Novato, Calif.: New World Library, →ISBN, part 1 (The Nature of Dogs and Reward-based Training), page 87:

        Dogs effectively train us to be a chef, waiter, commissionaire, promenade companion, masseur, chauffeur, porter/caddy (the paraphernalia we carry for dogs), and personal trainer (throw the ball, throw the Frisbee, throw the ball, throw the Frisbee …). […] The dog woofs, or rings a bell on a string, and we get up and open the door for them to go outside, and then to come back inside, to get in the car, to get out of the car, to go into buildings … It never stops.

   2. Of a person or thing: to make a sound resembling a dog's bark.
      • 1963 November 8, Don Moser, “An Archer Stalks the Mighty Grizzly”, in Henry R[obinson] Luce, editor, Life, volume 55, number 19, Chicago, Ill.; New York, N.Y.: Time Inc., →ISSN, →OCLC, page 115, column 1:

        A few minutes later a new [grizzly] bear came out on the big log upstream— […] Within seconds she knew something was wrong. She woofed, bounded off the log and came raging down toward us through the timber. There, not far away, she smashed back and forth, woofing and growling.

      • 1972, George B[eals] Schaller, “Behavior within the Group”, in The Serengeti Lion: A Study of Predator–Prey Relations (Wildlife Behavior and Ecology Series), Chicago, Ill.: University of Chicago Press, published 1976, →ISBN, part II (The Lion), page 105:

        An abrupt, loud wuu is occasionally emitted by a startled animal. For example, […] a cub woofed after a lioness slapped it suddenly at a kill. Once a monitor lizard lashed its tail at the face of a lioness and she woofed as she jumped back.

   3. (African-American Vernacular, figurative) To speak in an aggressive or boastful manner.
      • 1935, Zora Neale Hurston, “‘John Henry’”, in Mules and Men, 1st Perennial Library edition, New York, N.Y.: Harper & Row, published 1970, →OCLC, part I (Folk Tales), section III, page 89:

        "Miss, you know uh heap uh dese hard heads wants to woof at you but dey skeered." / "How come, Mr. Pitts? Do I look like a bear or panther?" / "Naw, but dey say youse rich and dey ain't got de nerve to open dey mouf."

      • 2010, “Woofing/Wolfing”, in Jessie Carney Smith, editor, Encyclopedia of African American Popular Culture, Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Publishing Group, →ISBN, page 1537:

        Woofing, sometimes called "wolfing," is a communication strategy used to insult or threaten an opponent. […] Generally, woofing takes two forms. It can be an insult game or a demonstration of intimidation. […] Woofing builds esteem and identity, releases tension, and teaches self-control and verbal skill.

        A noun use.

派生語

• woof one's cookies

語源 3

From WWOOF, an acronym of World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms which is a network of national organizations that facilitate homestays on organic farms.

動詞

woof (third-person singular simple present woofs, present participle woofing, simple past and past participle woofed)

1. (intransitive, agriculture) Alternative form of wwoof.
   • 2008 September 1, “Your family holidays”, in The Guardian‎, →ISSN:

     Our two children are immediately involved in a frantic game of touch rugby orchestrated by Vinny, an Irish backpacker, who is WOOFing his way around New Zealand.

   • [2009, David Graeber, “Some Notes on ‘Activist Culture’”, in Direct Action: An Ethnography, Oakland, Calif.: AK Press, →ISBN, page 251:

     One might run off for a few months to work on an organic farm—a habit so common there's actually an acronym for it: to woof (Work on an Organic Farm).]

   • 2010, Elizabeth Hallock, The Women's Guide to the Coming Economic Disaster, page 53:

     Membership is cheap, and they send you a book with listings of farms from Hawaii to New Zealand. Try woof'ing it for a few months;

   • 2020, Daniel P. Reynolds, Postcards from Auschwitz:

     To the list one could add "medical tourism" (travel to places for more readily available surgeries, treatments, and pharmaceuticals); volunteer tourism, or "voluntourism" (where people donate time and labor to in areas hit by hardship); and "woofing" (derived from World Wide Opportunities on Organic Farms, a loose network that helps people travel to foreign countries to work on organic farms and perhaps learn another language).

   • 2022, Stefania Palmisano, Nicola Pannofino, Damanhur: An Esoteric Community Open to the World, page 189:

     In fact, as with other types of stay, "woofing in Damanhur can also be a way of getting closer to the Community: after woofing some have continued with the New Life experience and become citizens"

参照

Further reading

• bark (sound) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• warp and weft on Wikipedia.Wikipedia
• woof (disambiguation) on Wikipedia.Wikipedia