win Dとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From 中期英語 wynd, wind, from 古期英語 wind (“wind”), from Proto-West Germanic *wind, from Proto-Germanic *windaz, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂wéh₁n̥tos (“wind”), from earlier *h₂wéh₁n̥ts (“wind”), derived from the present participle of *h₂weh₁- (“to blow”).

別の表記

• winde (obsolete)

発音

• (Received Pronunciation, General American) enPR: wĭnd, IPA: /wɪnd/
• (archaic) enPR: wīnd, IPA: /waɪnd/
• 韻: -ɪnd
• Homophone: winned

名詞

wind (countable and uncountable, plural winds)

1. (countable, uncountable) Real or perceived movement of atmospheric air usually caused by convection or differences in air pressure.

   The wind blew through her hair as she stood on the deck of the ship.

   As they accelerated onto the motorway, the wind tore the plywood off the car's roof-rack.

   The winds in Chicago are fierce.

   There was a sudden gust of wind, on which spores were borne away.

   The window was banging in the wind.

   • 2013 June 29, “Unspontaneous combustion”, in The Economist, volume 407, number 8842, page 29:

     Since the mid-1980s, when Indonesia first began to clear its bountiful forests on an industrial scale in favour of lucrative palm-oil plantations, “haze” has become an almost annual occurrence in South-East Asia. The cheapest way to clear logged woodland is to burn it, producing an acrid cloud of foul white smoke that, carried by the wind, can cover hundreds, or even thousands, of square miles.

2. Air artificially put in motion by any force or action.

   the wind of a cannon ball

   the wind of a bellows

3. (countable, uncountable) The ability to breathe easily.

   After the second lap he was already out of wind.

   The fall knocked the wind out of him.

4. (figurative) News of an event, especially by hearsay or gossip.

   to catch wind of something

   Steve caught wind of Martha's dalliance with his best friend.

   • 1953 August 6, Jet‎, volume 4, Johnson Publishing Company, →ISSN, page 22:

     Police got wind of the lottery, tried to track it down.

5. (figurative) A tendency or trend.

   the wind of change

   • 2023 July 24, Jason Horowitz, “What the Collapse of Spain’s Far Right Means Going Forward”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN:

     But many of those issues failed to draw Spanish voters, or even scared them, and the country’s election results went contrary to Europe’s political winds.

6. (philosophy, alchemy) One of the four elements of the ancient Greeks and Romans; air.
7. One of the five basic elements in Indian and Japanese models of the Classical elements.
8. (uncountable, colloquial) Flatus.

   to pass wind

9. Breath modulated by the respiratory and vocal organs, or by an instrument.
   • 1700, [John] Dryden, “The Flower and the Leaf: Or, The Lady in the Arbour. A Vision.”, in Fables Ancient and Modern; […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:

     Their instruments were various in their kind, / Some for the bow, and some for breathing wind.

10. (music) The woodwind section of an orchestra. Occasionally also used to include the brass section.
11. (music) A woodwind instrument. Occasionally also used to describe a brass instrument.
12. A direction from which the wind may blow; a point of the compass; especially, one of the cardinal points.

    the four winds

    • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, Ezekiel 37:9:

      Come from the four winds, O breath, and breathe upon these slain.

    • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter V, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

      When this conversation was repeated in detail within the hearing of the young woman in question, and undoubtedly for his benefit, Mr. Trevor threw shame to the winds and scandalized the Misses Brewster then and there by proclaiming his father to have been a country storekeeper.

13. Types of playing-tile in the game of mah-jongg, named after the four winds.
14. A disease of sheep, in which the intestines are distended with air, or rather affected with a violent inflammation. It occurs immediately after shearing.
15. (figurative) Mere breath or talk; empty effort; idle words.
    • 1667, John Milton, “Book VI”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

      Nor think thou with wind / Of airy threats to awe.

    • 1946, George Orwell, Politics and the English Language:

      Political language is designed to make lies sound truthful and murder respectable, and to give an appearance of solidity to pure wind.

16. A bird, the dotterel.
17. (boxing, slang) The region of the solar plexus, where a blow may paralyze the diaphragm and cause temporary loss of breath or other injury.

使用する際の注意点

The alternative pronunciation /waɪnd/ fell out of regular use in the 18th century, though it lingered in poetry and song (e.g. “So when the Spirit of our God came down his flock to find / A voice from heaven was heard abroad, a rushing, mighty wind”).

In the sense “woodwind instrument”, the plural winds is well-attested, but the singular wind is much rarer.

同意語

• (movement of air): breeze, draft, gale; see also Thesaurus:wind
• (flatus): gas (US); see also Thesaurus:flatus

上位語

派生語

派生した語

• Tok Pisin: win
• Torres Strait Creole: win

参考

動詞

wind (third-person singular simple present winds, present participle winding, simple past and past participle winded or (proscribed) wound)

1. (transitive) To blow air through a wind instrument or horn to make a sound.
   • 1796, Gottfried Augustus Bürger, “The Chase”, in [Walter Scott], transl., The Chase, and William and Helen: Two Ballads, from the German […], Edinburgh: […] Mundell and Son, […], for Manners and Miller, […]; and sold by T[homas] Cadell, Jun. and W[illiam] Davies (successors to Mr. [Thomas] Cadell) […], →OCLC, stanza I, page 1:

     Earl Walter winds his bugle horn; / To horſe, to horſe, halloo, halloo! / His fiery courſer ſnuffs the morn, / And thronging ſerfs their Lord purſue.

   • 1913, Edith Constance Holme, Crump Folk Going Home, page 136:

     Something higher must lie at the back of that eager response to pack-music and winded horn — something born of the smell of the good earth

   • 1951, C. S. Lewis, Prince Caspian: The Return to Narnia:

     "If your Majesty is ever to use the Horn," said Trufflehunter, "I think the time has now come." Caspian had of course told them of this treasure several days ago./ […] /"Then in the name of Aslan we will wind Queen Susan's Horn," said Caspian.

2. (transitive) To cause (someone) to become breathless, as by a blow to the abdomen, or by physical exertion, running, etc.

   The boxer was winded during round two.

3. (transitive, British) To cause a baby to bring up wind by patting its back after being fed.
4. (transitive, British) To turn a boat or ship around, so that the wind strikes it on the opposite side.
5. (transitive) To expose to the wind; to winnow; to ventilate.
6. (transitive) To perceive or follow by scent.

   The hounds winded the game.

7. (transitive) To rest (a horse, etc.) in order to allow the breath to be recovered; to breathe.
8. (transitive) To turn a windmill so that its sails face into the wind.

使用する際の注意点

• The form “wound” in the past is occasionally found in reference to blowing a horn, but is often considered to be erroneous. The October 1875 issue of The Galaxy disparaged this usage as a “very ridiculous mistake” arising from a misunderstanding of the word's meaning.
• A British canal is very often too narrow for a full-length boat to turn around. To allow changes of direction, recesses are dug into one of the banks every few miles. They are used by nosing the boat into the recess, and then pulling the stern around until the bow can be pulled out with the boat facing the opposite direction. For a motorised boat, the stern is moved around by using engine power with the rudder hard over; however, for horse-drawn boats (the vast majority of boats for the first 160 years), the crew would pole the stern around. It is irrelevant whether or not the wind then strikes the boat on the opposite side. However, the poling is analogous to what would often be required to allow a sailing boat setting off from a mooring to catch the wind on the most advantageous side for a safe departure. Although there are other theories, this is probably the reason the recesses are called winding holes.

派生した語

• ⇒ Tok Pisin: winim

語源 2

From 中期英語 wynden, from 古期英語 windan, from Proto-Germanic *windaną. Compare West Frisian wine, Low German winden, Dutch winden, German winden, Danish vinde, Walloon windea. See also the related term wend.

発音

• enPR: wīnd, IPA: /waɪnd/
• 韻: -aɪnd
• 異形同音異義語: wined, whined (wine–whine merger)

動詞

wind (third-person singular simple present winds, present participle winding, simple past and past participle wound or winded)

1. (transitive) To turn coils (of a cord or something similar) around something.

   to wind thread on a spool or into a ball

   • 1667, John Milton, “Book IX”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

     Whether to wind / The woodbine round this arbour.

   • 1906, Stanley J[ohn] Weyman, chapter I, in Chippinge Borough, New York, N.Y.: McClure, Phillips & Co., →OCLC:

     It was April 22, 1831, and a young man was walking down Whitehall in the direction of Parliament Street. He wore shepherd's plaid trousers and the swallow-tail coat of the day, with a figured muslin cravat wound about his wide-spread collar.

2. (transitive) To tighten the spring of a clockwork mechanism.

   Please wind that old-fashioned alarm clock.

3. (transitive) To entwist; to enfold; to encircle.
   • c. 1595–1596 (date written), William Shakespeare, “A Midsommer Nights Dreame”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies: Published According to the True Originall Copies (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:

     Sleep, and I will wind thee in arms.

4. (intransitive) To travel or follow a path with numerous curves.

   Synonym: twine

   Vines wind round a pole.  The river winds through the plain.

   • 1829 May 2, [Walter Scott], Anne of Geierstein; or, The Maiden of the Mist. […], volume (please specify |volume=I to III), Edinburgh:  […] [Ballantyne and Company] for Cadell and Co., […]; London: Simpkin and Marshall, […], →OCLC:

     He therefore turned him to the steep and rocky path which […] winded through the thickets of wild boxwood and other low aromatic shrubs.

   • 1750 June 12 (date written; published 1751), T[homas] Gray, “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”, in Designs by Mr. R[ichard] Bentley, for Six Poems by Mr. T. Gray, London: […] R[obert] Dodsley, […], published 1753, →OCLC:

     The lowing herd wind slowly o'er the lea.

   • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter IV, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC:

     Judge Short had gone to town, and Farrar was off for a three days' cruise up the lake. I was bitterly regretting I had not gone with him when the distant notes of a coach horn reached my ear, and I descried a four-in-hand winding its way up the inn road from the direction of Mohair.

   • 1969, Paul McCartney, The Long and Winding Road:

     The long and winding road / That leads to your door / Will never disappear.

5. (transitive) To have complete control over; to turn and bend at one's pleasure; to vary or alter at will; to regulate; to govern.
   • 1591 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The First Part of Henry the Sixt”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act IV, scene i]:

     to turn and wind a fiery Pegasus

   • 1648, Robert Herrick, “To his Conscience.”, in Hesperides: Or, The Works both Humane & Divine […], London: […] John Williams, and Francis Eglesfield, and are to be sold by Tho[mas] Hunt, […], →OCLC:

     Gifts blind the vviſe, and bribes do pleaſe, / And vvinde all other witneſſes: […]

   • 12 October 1710, Joseph Addison, The Examiner No. 5

     Were our legislature vested in the person of our prince, he might doubtless wind and turn our constitution at his pleasure.

6. (transitive) To introduce by insinuation; to insinuate.
   • c. 1608–1609 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tragedy of Coriolanus”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iii]:

     You have contrived […] to wind / Yourself into a power tyrannical.

   • 1674, [Richard Allestree], The Government of the Tongue. […], Oxford, Oxfordshire: At the Theater, →OCLC:

     'Tis pleasant to see what little arts and dexterities they have to wind in such things into discourse

7. (transitive) To cover or surround with something coiled about.

   to wind a rope with twine

8. (transitive) To cause to move by exerting a winding force; to haul or hoist as by a winch.
   • 2012, Rural Affairs, Anna Hutton-North, Lulu.com, →ISBN, page 33:

     Quickly she slammed the door shut and panicking wound the window up as fast as her slippery fingers would allow.

9. (transitive, nautical) To turn (a ship) around, end for end.

派生語

関連する語

派生した語

• → Esperanto: vindi

名詞

wind (plural winds)

1. The act of winding or turning; a turn; a bend; a twist.

参照

• “wind”, in OneLook Dictionary Search.

発音

• IPA: /wind/

名詞

wind m

1. wind
   • 10th century, Exeter Book Riddle 30‎:

     Iċ eom līġbysiġ, lāce mid winde, bewunden mid wuldre, wedre ġesomnad, fūs forðweġes, fȳre ġemelted, bearu blōwende, byrnende glēd.

     I am busy with fire, sway with wind, wrapped with worship, gathered in good weather, ready to go forward, melted by fire, a blooming grove, a burning ember.

   • Homilies of the Anglo-Saxon Church

     ðā Drihten ārǣrde miċelne wind, and sē ġelǣhte ealne þone līġ, and ābǣr hine tō ðǣs cyninges botle, swā þæt him ne belǣfde nān þing unforburnen, and hē sylf earfoðlīċe þām fȳre ætbærst.

     The Lord rose up a great wind, and it caught all the flame, and bore it to the king's dwelling, so that nothing unburnt to him remained, and he himself escaped from the fire with difficulty.

2. flatulence

語形変化

Strong a-stem:

派生語

派生した語

• Middle English: wynd, wend, wende, wind, winde, wynde
  • English: wind
  • Scots: wind, win
  • Yola: weend, wyeene

名詞

wind

1. alternative form of wynd

語源 2

動詞

wind

1. alternative form of wynden (“to wind”)