Selfとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• IPA: [ˈsɛlf]
• (Northumbria) IPA: /ˈsɛl/
• 韻: -ɛlf

接尾辞

-self (plural -selves)

1. Used in forming intensive and reflexive forms of the singular personal pronouns.

使用する際の注意点

• In the third person, -self or -selves is attached to the pronoun's objective form (him, them); in the first person and second person, to its prenominal possessive form (my, your).
• The suffixes -self and -selves may be separated by an intervening word or phrase (especially own) from the rest of the pronoun. When this occurs, self or selves stands alone as its own word, and the pronoun's prenominal possessive form is necessarily used; hence "himself" becomes "his own self", not *"him own self".
• The use of "themself" instead of "themselves" is sometimes proscribed, but it follows the contrast with "yourselves" and "yourself" and "ourselves" and "ourself".
• These forms are sometimes used in formal contexts in place of the objective personal pronoun: "the quality of service you have received from ourselves" (us). This usage is often criticized.

派生語

関連する語

• -selves

アナグラム

• FLES, LSFE, elfs

別の表記

• selfe, silf, silfe (obsolete)

語源

From 中期英語 self, silf, sulf, from 古期英語 self, seolf, sylf, from Proto-Germanic *selbaz. Cognates include Gothic 𐍃𐌹𐌻𐌱𐌰 (silba), German selbst and Dutch zelf.

発音

• IPA: /sɛlf/
• (Southern 米国発音, African-American Vernacular, dated) IPA: /sɛf/
• (Northumbria) IPA: /sɛl/
• 韻: -ɛlf

代名詞

self (selves)

1. (obsolete or rare) Himself, herself, itself, themself, themselves; that specific (person mentioned).

   This argument was put forward by the defendant self.

   • 1898 July 18, The Leader, Melbourne, page 34, column 1:

     Now that I put on my glasses I could see that the hut was empty but for our two selves; that it must have been absolutely empty till we entered.

2. (commercial or humorous) Myself.

   I made out a cheque, payable to self, which cheered me up somewhat.

名詞

self (plural selves or selfs)

1. One individual's personality, character, demeanor, or disposition.

   She remained her usual cheerful self despite recent setbacks

   • 2003, Roy Porter, Flesh in the Age of Reason, Ch.1, at p.7:

     John Locke argued that the mind is not like a furnished flat, prestocked before occupation with innate ideas, but like a home put together piecemeal from mental acquisitions picked up bit by bit. The self is thus the bit-by-bit product of experience and education: we are what we become - or, in Wordworth's later phrase, the child is the father of the man. Particular parents, surroundings and stimuli produce individuated selves. Identity is thus unique because contingent, the cumulative product of ceaseless occurrences.

2. The subject of one's own experience of phenomena: perception, emotions, thoughts.
   • c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act II, scene ix]:

     Portia:
     To these injunctions every one doth swear
     That comes to hazard for my worthless self.

   • 1913, Mrs. [Marie] Belloc Lowndes, chapter I, in The Lodger, London: Methuen, →OCLC; republished in Novels of Mystery: The Lodger; The Story of Ivy; What Really Happened, New York, N.Y.: Longmans, Green and Co., […], [1933], →OCLC, page 0056:

     Thanks to that penny he had just spent so recklessly [on a newspaper] he would pass a happy hour, taken, for once, out of his anxious, despondent, miserable self. It irritated him shrewdly to know that these moments of respite from carking care would not be shared with his poor wife, with careworn, troubled Ellen.

3. An individual person as the object of the person's own reflective consciousness (plural selves).
   • 1859–1860, William Hamilton, “Lecture IX”, in H[enry] L[ongueville] Mansel and John Veitch, editors, Lectures on Metaphysics and Logic […], volume (please specify |volume=I to IV), Edinburgh; London: William Blackwood and Sons, →OCLC:

     The self, the I, is recognized in every act of intelligence as the subject to which that act belongs. It is I that perceive, I that imagine, I that remember, I that attend, I that compare, I that feel, I that will, I that am conscious.

   • 1918, W[illiam] B[abington] Maxwell, chapter XVI, in The Mirror and the Lamp, Indianapolis, Ind.: The Bobbs-Merrill Company, →OCLC:

     The preposterous altruism too! […] Resist not evil. It is an insane immolation of self—as bad intrinsically as fakirs stabbing themselves or anchorites warping their spines in caves scarcely large enough for a fair-sized dog.

4. Self-interest or personal advantage.
5. (botany) A seedling produced by self-pollination (plural selfs).
6. (botany) A flower having its colour uniform as opposed to variegated.
7. (molecular biology, immunology) Any molecule, cell, or tissue of an organism's own (belonging to the self), as opposed to a foreign (nonself) molecule, cell, or tissue (for example, infective, allogenic, or xenogenic).
   • 2000, G Ristori et al., “Compositional bias and mimicry toward the nonself proteome in immunodominant T cell epitopes of self and nonself antigens”, in FASEB Journal: the official journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, volume 14, number 3, →PMID, pages 431–438:

     Similarity profiles between helper T cell epitopes (of self or microbial antigens and allergens) and human or microbial SWISSPROT collections were produced. For each antigen, both collections yielded largely overlapping profiles, demonstrating that self-nonself discrimination does not rely on qualitative features that distinguish human from microbial peptides. [...] Epitopes (on self and nonself antigens) can cross-stimulate T cells at increasing potency as their similarity with nonself augments.

   • 2013 May-June, Katrina G. Claw, “Rapid Evolution in Eggs and Sperm”, in American Scientist, volume 101, number 3:

     In plants, the ability to recognize self from nonself plays an important role in fertilization, because self-fertilization will result in less diverse offspring than fertilization with pollen from another individual.

同意語

反意語

• (immunology) nonself

派生語

派生した語

• → Korean: 셀프 (selpeu)
• Sranan Tongo: srefi

参考

• self-
• person
• I
• ego

動詞

self (third-person singular simple present selfs, present participle selfing, simple past and past participle selfed)

1. (botany) To fertilize by the same individual; to self-fertilize or self-pollinate.
2. (botany) To fertilize by the same strain; to inbreed.

反意語

• outcross

形容詞

self

1. Having its own or a single nature or character throughout, as in colour, composition, etc., without addition or change; of the same kind; unmixed.

   a self bow: one made from a single piece of wood

   a self flower or plant: one which is wholly of one colour

2. (obsolete) Same, identical.
   • c. 1596–1598 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Merchant of Venice”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:

     I owe you much, and, like a wilful youth / That which I owe is lost; but if you please / To shoot another arrow that self way / Which you did shoot the first, I do not doubt, / As I will watch the aim, or to find both, / Or bring your latter hazard back again, / And thankfully rest debtor for the first.

   • c. 1603–1606, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of King Lear”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene i]:

     I am made of that self mettle as my sister.

   • 1614, Walter Ralegh [i.e., Walter Raleigh], The Historie of the World […], London: […] William Stansby for Walter Burre, […], →OCLC, (please specify |book=1 to 5):

     But were it granted, yet the heighth of these Mountains is far under the supposed place of Paradise; and on these self Hills the Air is so thin […]

   • 1700, [John] Dryden, “Palamon and Arcite: Or, The Knight’s Tale. In Three Books.”, in Fables Ancient and Modern; […], London: […] Jacob Tonson, […], →OCLC:

     At that self moment enters Palamon / The gate of Venus […]

3. (obsolete) Belonging to oneself; own.
4. (molecular biology, immunology) Of or relating to any molecule, cell, or tissue of an organism's own (belonging to the self), as opposed to a foreign (nonself) molecule, cell, or tissue (for example, infective, allogenic, or xenogenic).

   Antonym: nonself

   • 2000, G Ristori et al., “Compositional bias and mimicry toward the nonself proteome in immunodominant T cell epitopes of self and nonself antigens”, in FASEB Journal: the official journal of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology, volume 14, number 3, →PMID, pages 431–438:

     Similarity profiles between helper T cell epitopes (of self or microbial antigens and allergens) and human or microbial SWISSPROT collections were produced. For each antigen, both collections yielded largely overlapping profiles, demonstrating that self-nonself discrimination does not rely on qualitative features that distinguish human from microbial peptides. However, epitopes whose probability of mimicry with self or nonself prevails are, respectively, tolerated or immunodominant and coexist within the same (auto-)antigen regardless of its self/nonself nature. Epitopes (on self and nonself antigens) can cross-stimulate T cells at increasing potency as their similarity with nonself augments.

派生語

• selfbow

参照

Further reading

• “self”, in Webster’s Revised Unabridged Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: G. & C. Merriam, 1913, →OCLC.
• William Dwight Whitney, Benjamin E[li] Smith, editors (1911), “self”, in The Century Dictionary […], New York, N.Y.: The Century Co., →OCLC.
• Self in the Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition, 1911)
• “self”, in Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, Springfield, Mass.: Merriam-Webster, 1996–present.

アナグラム

• FLES, LSFE, elfs

語源

From Proto-Germanic *selbaz.

発音

• IPA: /self/, [seɫf]

代名詞

self

1. self; oneself, personally
   • late 9th century, translation of Bede's Ecclesiastical History

     Sē wer meahte unēaðe þurh hine selfne ārīsan oþþe gān.

     The man could barely get up or walk by himself.

   • late 9th century, King Alfred's translation of St. Augustine's Soliloquies

     Nāt iċ nā þȳ hwā Rōme burg timbrede þe iċ hit self ġesāwe, ac for þȳ þe hit man mē sæġde.

     I don't know who built the city of Rome because I saw it myself, but because somebody told me.

語形変化

派生語

• selflīċ

派生した語

• Middle English: self, silf, sulf
  • English: self
  • Scots: self, sel

語源

Inherited from 古期英語 self, from Proto-West Germanic *selb, from Proto-Germanic *selbaz.

発音

• IPA: /sɛlf/, /silf/

形容詞

self

1. (the) (very/self) same, (the) aforementioned
2. Intensifies the pronoun or noun it follows or precedes; very
3. (+genitive) own

派生した語

• English: self
• Scots: self, sel

参照

• “self, adj., n., & pron.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 31 March 2018.

代名詞

self

1. themself, themselves; a reflexive pronoun
2. that, this

派生した語

• English: self (obsolete in most pronominal senses)
• Scots: self, sel
• Yola: zil, zill

参照

• “self, adj., n., & pron.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 31 March 2018.

名詞

self (plural selfs)

1. (the) same thing, (the) aforementioned thing

参照

• “self, adj., n., & pron.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007, retrieved 31 March 2018.