FOLDとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

接尾辞

-fold

1. Used to make adjectives meaning times.

   There has been a threefold increase in inflation ( = inflation is three times what it was before)

   • 1991, Vittoria Cioce; Vince Castronovo; Barry M. Shmookler; et. al, Journal of the National Cancer Institute, "Increased Expression of the Laminin Receptor in Human Colon Cancer" [1]

     The cancer tissue in two of the ... specimens ... exhibited a dramatic 23-fold increase in the laminin-receptor-mRNA levels.

   • 2011, Joel. E. Houghlum, Principles of Pharmacology for Athletic Trainers:

     "[Use] of a decimal without a zero to the left of the decimal (ie .5 instead of 0.5) has resulted in 10-fold error[.]

   • 2013, Jerome Strong, Spiritual Musings II: Sermons, Musings & Exegesis:

     Ezekiel outlines the harlotry of Judah followed by a thirty-two-fold judgment.

2. Used to make adverbs meaning times.

   Inflation has increased threefold ( = inflation is three times what it was before)

   • c. 1906, Silk Association of America, XXXV Annual Meeting of the Silk Association of America:

     A publication ... entitled "The Sixth Financial and Economical Annual of Japan" ... issued in 1906 ... says: ¶ "...[O]ur export trade had in ... thirty-two years increased thirty-four-fold with Asia, twenty-three-fold with America, and five-fold with Europe[.]

   • 2011, James R. Gibson, Farming the Frontier:

     His potatoes yielded forty-onefold in 1816 and his barley thirty-twofold in 1818.

   • 2014, Thomas R. Oliver, Guide to U.S. Health and Health Care Policy:

     In contrast, the number of Asian foreign born would increase twenty-two-fold to more than 11 million, and the number of Latin American foreign born would increase twenty-three-fold to 22 million.

   • 2020 August 18, Matt Egan, “It’s a bizarre time for Trump to open Alaska’s Arctic refuge up to oil drilling”, in CNN Business‎:

     BP (BP) has also promised to increase its low carbon investments 10-fold by 2030 as part of its bid to get to net zero emissions by 2050.

使用する際の注意点

• Some writers and speakers use constructions like "an increase by twofold" to mean "a twofold increase". This can lead to confusion, as the logical rendering of "an increase by twofold" would imply "a 200% increase of the original amount" and the latter "an increase to 200% of the original amount". Caution should be taken to avoid such confusion. Typically, -fold takes no preposition.
• In scientific contexts, "-fold" is sometimes appended to numerals (with the same sense), as in a 2010 paper by M.C. Stone et al., which mentions "10-fold up-regulation of the number of growing microtubules" in its abstract.

派生語

Note: -fold can be combined with the word for any positive integer. The words listed below are some of the most common combinations. These words are not hyphenated.

アナグラム

• FLOD

語源

Inherited from 古期英語 -feald, from Proto-West Germanic *-falþ, from Proto-Germanic *-falþaz.

発音

• IPA: /-fɔːld/
• (Northern) IPA: /-faːld/
• (Early Middle English) IPA: /-fɑːld/

接尾辞

-fold

1. Forms adjectives meaning "times" or "parts"; -fold.

派生語

派生した語

• English: -fold
• Scots: -fauld, -faul, -fald
• Yola: -vold

参照

• “-fōld, suf.”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.

発音

• (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈfəʊld/, [ˈfɔʊ(ɫ)d], [ˈfɒʊ(ɫ)d]
• (General American, Canada) enPR: fōld, IPA: /foʊld/
• (General Australian) IPA: /fəʉld/, [fəʉɫd]
• (New Zealand) IPA: /faʉld/, [faʉɫd]
• Homophone: foaled
• 韻: -əʊld

語源 1

The verb is from 中期英語 folden, from 古期英語 fealdan, from Proto-West Germanic *falþan, from Proto-Germanic *falþaną (“to fold”), from Proto-Indo-European *pel- (“to fold”).

The noun is from 中期英語 folde, falde, itself derived from the verb.

動詞

fold (third-person singular simple present folds, present participle folding, simple past folded, past participle folded or (obsolete) folden)

1. (transitive) To bend (any thin material, such as paper) over so that it comes in contact with itself.
2. (transitive) To make the proper arrangement (in a thin material) by bending.

   If you fold the sheets, they'll fit more easily in the drawer.

3. (transitive) To draw or coil (one’s arms, a snake’s body, etc.) around something so as to enclose or embrace it.
4. (transitive, cooking) To stir (semisolid ingredients) gently, with an action as if folding over a solid.

   Fold the egg whites into the batter.

   • 8 Jan 2020, Felicity Cloake in The Guardian, How to make the perfect gluten-free chocolate brownies – recipe

     if you want to make life really easy for yourself, may I point you in the direction of Sunflour’s recipe, which folds four eggs and 150g ground almonds into 500g chocolate spread.

5. (intransitive) To become folded; to form folds.

   Cardboard doesn't fold very easily.

6. (intransitive, informal) To fall over; to collapse or give way; to be crushed.

   Synonyms: buckle, cave, cave in, crumple

   The chair folded under his enormous weight.

7. (intransitive) To give way on a point or in an argument.

   Synonyms: buckle; cave; cave in; crumple

8. (intransitive, poker) To withdraw from betting.

   With no hearts in the river and no chance to hit his straight, he folded.

9. (intransitive, by extension) To withdraw or quit in general.
10. (intransitive) To fail, to collapse, to disband.
11. (intransitive, business) Of a company, to cease to trade.

    The company folded after six quarters of negative growth.

12. (transitive) To double or lay together (one’s arms, hands, wings, etc.) so as to overlap with each other.

    He folded his arms in defiance.

13. (transitive, obsolete) To plait or mat (hair) together.
14. (transitive) To enclose in a fold of material, to swathe, wrap up, cover, enwrap.
15. (transitive) To enclose within folded arms, to clasp, to embrace (see also enfold).
    • 1897, Bram Stoker, chapter 21, in Dracula, New York, N.Y.: Modern Library, →OCLC:

      He put out his arms and folded her to his breast. And for a while she lay there sobbing. He looked at us over her bowed head, with eyes that blinked damply above his quivering nostrils. His mouth was set as steel.

16. (transitive, figuratively) To cover up, to conceal.
    • 1594, William Shakespeare, Lucrece (First Quarto), London: […] Richard Field, for Iohn Harrison, […], →OCLC:

      I will not poyſon thee with my attaint, / Nor fold my fault in cleanly coin’d excuſes, / My ſable ground of ſinne I will not paint, / To hide the truth of this falſe nights abuſes.

17. (transitive, obsolete) To ensnare, to capture.
18. (transitive, computing) To split (a line of text) across multiple lines, to obey line length limitations.

    Antonym: unfold

同意語

• (bend (thin material) over): bend, crease
• (fall over): fall over
• (give way on a point or in an argument): concede, give in, give way, yield

反意語

• unfold

派生語

派生した語

• ⇒ Czech: foldovat

名詞

fold (plural folds)

1. An act of folding.

   Synonyms: bending, creasing

   give the bedsheets a fold before putting them in the cupboard.

   After two reraises in quick succession, John realised his best option was probably a fold.

   1. Any correct move in origami.
2. That which is folded together, or which enfolds or envelops.
   1. A bend or crease.

      Synonyms: bend, crease

      • 1850, [Alfred, Lord Tennyson], “Canto XXII”, in In Memoriam, London: Edward Moxon, […], →OCLC, page 37:

        […] There sat the Shadow fear’d of man;
        Who broke our fair companionship,
        ⁠And spread his mantle dark and cold;
        And wrapt thee formless in the fold, […]

   2. A layer, typically of folded or wrapped cloth.

      Synonym: ply

      • 1631, Francis [Bacon], “VIII. Century.”, in Sylua Syluarum: Or A Naturall Historie. In Ten Centuries. […], 3rd edition, London: […] William Rawley […]; [p]rinted by J[ohn] H[aviland] for William Lee […], →OCLC, paragraph 771, page 194:

        […] the Ancient Ægyptian Mummies, were ſhrowded in a Number of Folds of Linnen, beſmeared with Gummes, in manner of Seare-Cloth; […]

   3. A clasp, embrace.
      • c. 1602, William Shakespeare, “The Tragedie of Troylus and Cressida”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene iii]:

        […] the weake wanton Cupid Shall from your necke vnlooſe his amorous fould, […]

   4. A coil of a snake’s body.
   5. (obsolete) A wrapping or covering.
   6. One of the doorleaves of a folding door.
3. A gentle curve of the ground; gentle hill or valley.
4. (geology) The bending or curving of one or a stack of originally flat and planar surfaces, such as sedimentary strata, as a result of plastic (i.e. permanent) deformation.
   • 1863, James Dwight Dana, Manual of Geology:

     The folds are most abrupt to the eastward; to the west, they diminish in boldness, and become gentle undulations

5. (newspapers) The division between the top and bottom halves of a broadsheet: headlines above the fold will be readable in a newsstand display; usually the fold.
   • 2007, Jennifer Niederst Robbins, Learning Web Design: A Beginner's Guide to (X)HTML, StyleSheets, and Web Graphics, "O'Reilly Media, Inc.", →ISBN, page 43:

     Newspaper editors know the importance of putting the most important information “above the fold,” that is, visible when the paper is folded and on the rack.

6. (by extension, web design) The division between the part of a web page visible in a web browser window without scrolling; usually the fold.
   • 1999, Jared M. Spool, Web Site Usability: A Designer's Guide, Morgan Kaufmann, →ISBN, page 77:

     For example, a story that is "page I, above the fold" is considered very important news. In web page design, the fold signifies the place at which the user has to scroll down to get more information.

7. (functional programming) Any of a family of higher-order functions that process a data structure recursively to build up a value.
   • 2010, Richard Bird, Pearls of Functional Algorithm Design, Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, page 168:

     It was Erik Meijer who coined the name hylomorphism to describe a computation that consists of a fold after an unfold. The unfold produces a data structure and the fold consumes it.

8. (programming) A section of source code that can be collapsed out of view in an editor to aid readability.
9. One individual part of something described as manifold, twofold, fourfold, etc.

派生語

語源 2

The noun is from 中期英語 fold, fald, from 古期英語 fald, falæd, falod (“fold, stall, stable, cattle-pen”), from Proto-West Germanic *falud, from Proto-Germanic *faludaz (“enclosure”).

Akin to Scots fald, fauld (“an enclosure for livestock”), Dutch vaalt (“dung heap”), Middle Low German valt, vālt (“an inclosed space, a yard”), Danish fold (“pen for herbivorous livestock”), Swedish fålla (“corral, pen, pound”).

The verb is from Late 中期英語 fooldyn, itself derived from the noun.

名詞

fold (plural folds)

1. A pen or enclosure for sheep or other domestic animals.

   Synonyms: enclosure, pen, penfold, pinfold

   • 1667, John Milton, “Book IV”, in Paradise Lost. […], London: […] [Samuel Simmons], and are to be sold by Peter Parker […]; [a]nd by Robert Boulter […]; [a]nd Matthias Walker, […], →OCLC; republished as Paradise Lost in Ten Books: […], London: Basil Montagu Pickering […], 1873, →OCLC:

     Leaps o're the fence with ease into the fold.

   • 1913, Robert Barr, chapter 4, in Lord Stranleigh Abroad‎:

     “I came down like a wolf on the fold, didn’t I ?  Why didn’t I telephone ?  Strategy, my dear boy, strategy. This is a surprise attack, and I’d no wish that the garrison, forewarned, should escape. …”

2. Any enclosed piece of land belonging to a farm or mill; yard, farmyard.
3. An enclosure or dwelling generally.
4. (collective) A group of sheep or goats, particularly those kept in a given enclosure.

   Synonym: flock

5. (figuratively) Home, family.

   Synonyms: home, family

6. (Christianity) A church congregation, a group of people who adhere to a common faith and habitually attend a given church; also, the Christian church as a whole, the flock of Christ.

   Synonyms: congregation, flock

   • 1611, The Holy Bible, […] (King James Version), London: […] Robert Barker, […], →OCLC, John 10:16:

     And other sheepe I haue, which are not of this fold: them also I must bring, and they shall heare my voyce; and there shall be one fold, and one shepheard.

7. (figuratively) A group of people with shared ideas or goals or who live or work together.

   Synonyms: cohort, community

   • 2013 September 1, Phil McNulty, BBC Sport:

     Having suffered the loss of Rooney just as he had returned to the fold, Moyes' mood will not have improved as Liverpool took the lead in the third minute.

   • 2021, Angela Kuttner Botelho, German Jews and the Persistence of Jewish Identity in Conversion: Writing the Jewish Self, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, →ISBN, page 37:

     Most recently, in his ambitious 2015 book, Leaving the Jewish Fold, Endelman significantly enlarges his purview in both time and space to broadly survey the phenomenon of Jewish conversion from early medieval to postmodern times […]

   • 2023 July 6, Annalena Baerbock, “Russia’s war on Ukraine has forced us in Germany to think differently about our role in the world”, in The Guardian‎, →ISSN:

     In a first phase of foreign policy, after 1945, my country sought to regain former enemies’ trust. We are forever grateful that they extended their hand to us, readmitting us into the global fold.

   • 2025 June 7, Edward Helmore, quoting JD Vance, “Trump warns Musk of ‘very serious consequences’ if he backs Democrats”, in The Guardian‎, →ISSN:

     “I hope that eventually Elon comes back into the fold. Maybe that’s not possible now because he’s gone so nuclear,” the vice-president said.

派生語

動詞

fold (third-person singular simple present folds, present participle folding, simple past and past participle folded)

1. (transitive) To confine (animals) in a fold, to pen in.
   • 1634 October 9 (first performance), [John Milton], edited by H[enry] Lawes, A Maske Presented at Ludlow Castle, 1634: […] [Comus], London: […] [Augustine Matthews] for Hvmphrey Robinson, […], published 1637, →OCLC; reprinted as Comus: […] (Dodd, Mead & Company’s Facsimile Reprints of Rare Books; Literature Series; no. I), New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead & Company, 1903, →OCLC:

     The star that bids the shepherd fold,
     Now the top of heaven doth hold.

   • 1900, James George Frazer, The Golden Bough, volume 3, page 289:

     On the same day [Midsummer Eve] people in the Isle of Man were wont to light fires to the windward of every field, so that the smoke might pass over the corn; and they folded their cattle and carried blazing furze or gorse round them several times.

2. (transitive, figuratively) To include in a spiritual ‘flock’ or group of the saved, etc.
3. (transitive) To place sheep on (a piece of land) in order to manure it.

派生語

語源 3

From 中期英語 folde, from 古期英語 folde (“earth, land, country, district, region, territory, ground, soil, clay”), from Proto-Germanic *fuldǭ, *fuldō (“earth, ground; field; the world”). Cognate with Old Norse fold (“earth, land, field”), Norwegian and Icelandic fold (“land, earth, meadow”).

名詞

fold (uncountable)

1. (dialectal, poetic or obsolete) The Earth; earth; land, country.

アナグラム

• FLOD

語源

From 古期英語 fald, falæd, falod, from Proto-West Germanic *falud, from Proto-Germanic *faludaz.

発音

• IPA: /fɔːld/

名詞

fold (plural foldes)

1. A pen, enclosure, or shelter for domesticated animals.

派生した語

• English: fold
• Scots: fald, fauld
• → Welsh: ffald

参照

• “fōld, n.(1).”, in MED Online, Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 2007.