that ...とは 意味・読み方・使い方

別の表記

• 'at (colloquial, reduced form)
• 't (eye dialect, contraction)
• dat, thet (dialectal, nonstandard, pronunciation spellings)
• yt, y, yͭ, yt. (obsolete abbreviations)

語源

From 中期英語 that, from 古期英語 þæt (“the, that”, neuter definite article and relative pronoun), from Proto-West Germanic *þat, from Proto-Germanic *þat. Cognate to Scots that, Saterland Frisian dät, West Frisian dat, Dutch dat, Low German dat and datt, German dass and das, Danish det, Swedish det, Icelandic það, Gothic 𐌸𐌰𐍄𐌰 (þata). Further from Proto-Indo-European *tód; compare Ancient Greek τό (tó), Sanskrit तद् (tád), Waigali ta, Lithuanian tai̇̃, Polish to.

発音

• (Received Pronunciation, General American, General Australian)
  • (weak form) IPA: /ðət/, enPR: thət
  • (strong form) IPA: /ðæt/, enPR: thăt
  • 韻: -æt
• (Standard Southern British, Canada)
  • (weak form) IPA: /ðət/, enPR: thət
  • (strong form) IPA: [ˈðat], [ˈd̪aʔ], enPR: thăt
• (New Zealand)
  • (weak form) IPA: /ðət/, enPR: thət
  • (strong form) IPA: /ðɛt/, enPR: thăt
• (Indic)
  • (weak form) IPA: /ðət/, enPR: thət
  • (strong form) IPA: /d̪ʱaʈ/, /d̪ʱəʈ/, enPR: thăt
• (Local Dublin)
  • (weak form) IPA: /ðət/, enPR: thət
  • (strong form) IPA: [ˈdäʔ], [ˈdä], enPR: thăt

The demonstrative pronoun and determiner that is usually stressed; the conjunction and relative pronoun that is usually unstressed.

接続詞

that

1. Introducing a clause that is the object of a verb, especially a reporting verb or verb expressing belief, knowledge, perception, etc.

   He told me that the book is a good read.

   I believe that it is true.

   I can see that the ladder won't reach.

   • 2015 November 12, Bu Kerry Chan Laddaran, “Pidgin English now an official language of Hawaii”, in CNN‎:

     Pidgin is a combination of expressions and phrases that are recognizable to those who speak it. To non-Pidgin speakers, it may sound like slang. For example, “dat” means that and “fadda” means father or dad.

2. Introducing a clause that is the subject of a verb, especially the 'be' verb or a verb expressing judgement, opinion, etc.
   1. As delayed subject.

      It is almost certain that she will come.

      It amazes me that people still believe this nonsense.

      The boss ordered that the worker enter the room.

   2. (chiefly literary) As direct subject.

      That she will come is almost certain.

      That people still believe this nonsense amazes me.

3. Introducing a clause that complements an adjective or passive participle.

   I'm sure that you are right.

   She is convinced that he is British.

   1. Expressing a reason or cause: because, in that.

      Be glad that you have enough to eat.

4. Introducing a subordinate clause modifying an adverb.

   Was John there? — Not that I saw.

   How often did she visit him? — Twice that I saw.

   • c. 1867, Anthony Trollope, The Claverings‎:

     " […] I will go anywhere that she may wish if she will go with me,"

5. Introducing a clause that describes the information content of a preceding reporting noun.

   I heard a rumour that they got married.

   Reports that he left the country are circulating.

6. Introducing — especially, but not exclusively, with an antecedent like so or such — a subordinate clause expressing a result, consequence, or effect.

   The noise was so loud that she woke up.

   The problem was sufficiently important that it had to be addressed.

   • 2008 May 23, Zoe Williams, “I swore I wouldn't be an embarrassing mother. But the key to being a success in life is changing your mind, right?”, in Alan Rusbridger, editor, The Guardian‎, London: Guardian News & Media, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 14 August 2014:

     My dad apparently always said that no child of his would ever be harassed for its poor eating habits, and then I arrived, and I was so disgusting that he revised his opinion.

7. (dated) Introducing a subordinate clause that expresses an aim, purpose, or goal ("final"), and usually contains the auxiliaries may, might, or should: so, so that, in order that.

   He fought that others might have peace.

   • c. 1596–1598 (date written), W[illiam] Shakespeare, The Excellent History of the Merchant of Venice. […] (First Quarto), [London]: […] J[ames] Roberts [for Thomas Heyes], published 1600, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iii], signature B2, verso:

     Baſſ[anio]. Be aſſured you may. / Shy[lock]. I will be aſſured I may: and that I may be aſſured, I will bethinke me, may I ſpeake with Anthonio?

   • 1712 May, [Alexander Pope], “The Rape of the Locke. An Heroi-comical Poem.”, in Miscellaneous Poems and Translations. […], London: […] Bernard Lintott […], →OCLC, canto I, page 360:

     When hungry Judges ſoon the Sentence ſign, / And Wretches hang that Jury-men may Dine; […]

   • 1833, Parley's Magazine, volume 1, page 23:

     Ellen's mamma was going out to pay a visit, but she left the children a large piece of rich plumcake to divide between them, that they might play at making feasts.

   • 1837, The Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, volume 23, page 222:

     That he might ascertain whether any of the cloths of ancient Egypt were made of hemp, M. Dutrochet has examined with the microscope the weavable filaments of this last vegetable.

   • c. 1845–1846, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, “Sonnets from the Portuguese”, in Poems. […], new edition, volume II, London: Chapman & Hall, […], published 1850, →OCLC, sonnet XIV, page 451:

     […] Since one might well forget to weep who bore / Thy comfort long, and lose thy love thereby. / But love me for love's sake, that evermore / Thou may'st love on through love's eternity.

   • 1881, P. Chr. Asbjörnsen [i.e., Peter Christen Asbjørnsen], “Legends of the Mill”, in H. L. Brækstad, transl., Round the Yule Log. Norwegian Folk and Fairy Tales, London: Sampson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, →OCLC, page 156:

     In the olden days people had a stronger belief in all kinds of witchery; now they pretend not to believe in it, that they may be looked upon as sensible and educated people, as you say.

   • 1887, Richard F[rancis] Burton, transl. and editor, “Alaeddin; or, The Wonderful Lamp. [Night 547.]”, in Supplemental Nights to the Book of the Thousand Nights and a Night […], Shammar edition, volume III, [London]: […] Burton Club […], →OCLC, page 108:

     Now one day of the days, […] the Sultan cast his eyes upon her as she stood before him, and said to his Grand Wazir, "This be the very woman whereof I spake to thee yesterday, so do thou straightway bring her before me, that I may see what be her suit and fulfil her need."

   • 2009, Dallas R. Burdette, Biblical Preaching and Teaching, →ISBN, page 340:

     Jesus died that we might live "through" Him.

8. (archaic or poetic) Introducing a premise or supposition for consideration: seeing as; inasmuch as; given that; as would appear from the fact that.
   • c. 1594 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Comedie of Errors”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act III, scene ii], page 91, column 2:

     What are you mad, that you doe reaſon ſo?

   • 1859, Charles Dickens, “The Period”, in A Tale of Two Cities, London: Chapman and Hall, […], →OCLC, book I (Recalled to Life), page 1:

     [I]n short, the period was so far like the present period, that some of its noisiest authorities insisted on its being received, for good or for evil, in the superlative degree of comparison only.

   • c. 1911, D.H. Lawrence, third draft of what became Sons and Lovers, in Helen Baron (editor), Paul Morel, Cambridge University Press (2003), →ISBN, page 234:

     “She must be wonderfully fascinating,” said Mrs Morel, with scathing satire. “She must be very wonderful, that you should trail eight miles, backward and forward, after eight o’clock at night.”

9. (archaic or poetic) Introducing an exclamation expressing a desire or wish.

   Oh that spring would come!

   • 1609, The Holie Bible, […] (Douay–Rheims Bible), Doway: Lavrence Kellam, […], →OCLC, Devteronomie 32:29, page 463:

     O that they were wiſe, and vnderſtoode, […]

   • 1864, T. S. Norgate's translation of the Iliad, book 10, page 613:

     'Would that my rage and wrath would somehow stir me, / Here as I am, to cut off thy raw flesh / And eat it, […]

10. (archaic or poetic) Introducing an exclamation expressing a strong emotion such as sadness or surprise.

    That men should behave in such a way!

    Oh that I'd never set eyes on him!

    That you could think such a thing!

    • 1610–1611 (date written), William Shakespeare, “The Tempest”, in Mr. William Shakespeares Comedies, Histories, & Tragedies […] (First Folio), London: […] Isaac Iaggard, and Ed[ward] Blount, published 1623, →OCLC, [Act I, scene ii], page 2, column 2:

      I pray thee marke me, that a brother ſhould / Be ſo perfidious: […]

使用する際の注意点

• That can be used to introduce subordinate clauses, but in most cases can just as easily be omitted: one can say either “he told me that it’s a good read” (in which case the second clause is a “that clause”) or “he told me it’s a good read” (in which case the second clause is a “bare clause”). Generally speaking, the omission of that imparts an informal or conversational feel. In a few such patterns, that is mandatory; for example, in the archaic sense of "in order that", we must say "He fought that others might have peace", not "He fought others might have peace".
• Historically, that was usually preceded by a comma (“he told me, that it’s a good read”) — such usage was, for example, recommended by the grammarian Joseph Robertson in his 1785 An Essay on Punctuation — but this is now considered nonstandard.
• Historically, that was sometimes used after a preposition to introduce a clause that was the object of the preposition, as in “after that things are set in order here, we’ll follow them” (Shakespeare, 1 Henry VI), which simply means “after things are set in order...” and would be worded thus in modern English.
• See also the usage notes for which.

派生語

• that clause
• that'd

限定詞

that (plural those)

1. (demonstrative) The (thing, person, idea, etc) indicated or understood from context, especially if more remote physically, temporally or mentally than one designated as "this", or if expressing distinction.

   That book is a good read. This one isn't.

   That battle was in 1450.

   That cat of yours is evil.

   • 1897 December (indicated as 1898), Winston Churchill, chapter VIII, in The Celebrity: An Episode, New York, N.Y.: The Macmillan Company; London: Macmillan & Co., Ltd., →OCLC, page 110:

     The humor of my proposition appealed more strongly to Miss Trevor than I had looked for, and from that time forward she became her old self again; for, even after she had conquered her love for the Celebrity, the mortification of having been jilted by him remained.

   • 1921, Ben Travers, “Westward Ho!”, in A Cuckoo in the Nest, Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, Page & Company, published 1925, →OCLC, part I (“Come He Will”), page 8:

     She was like a Beardsley Salome, he had said. And indeed she had the narrow eyes and the high cheekbone of that creation, and as nearly the sinuosity as is compatible with human symmetry.

   • 1963, Margery Allingham, “Eye Witness”, in The China Governess: A Mystery, London: Chatto & Windus, →OCLC, page 242:

     ‘No. I only opened the door a foot and put my head in. The street lamps shine into that room. I could see him. He was all right. Sleeping like a great grampus. Poor, poor chap.’

   • 2016, VOA Learning English (public domain)

     The gym is across from the lounge. It’s next to the mailroom. Go that way. — Thanks, Pete! — No, Anna! Not that way! Go that way!

派生語

代名詞

that (plural those)

1. (demonstrative) The thing, person, idea, quality, event, action, or time indicated or understood from context, especially if more remote geographically, temporally or mentally than one designated as "this", or if expressing distinction. [from 9c.]

   That's my car over there.

   He went home, and after that I never saw him again.

   ‘Who's that?’ ‘It’s me.’.

   • c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shakespeare, The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke: […] (Second Quarto), London: […] I[ames] R[oberts] for N[icholas] L[ing] […], published 1604, →OCLC, [Act III, scene i], signature G2, recto:

     To be, or not to be, that is the queſtion, / Whether tis nobler in the minde to ſuffer / The ſlings and arrowes of outragious fortune, / Or to take Armes againſt a ſea of troubles, / And by oppoſing, end them, […]

   • 1888 July, The Original Secession Magazine, page 766:

     [A] second man—[…]—was qualified and fitted, both intellectually and morally,—and that to an exceptional extent—to be the Head […]

   • 1909, Archibald Marshall [pseudonym; Arthur Hammond Marshall], “In the Bay of Biscay”, in The Squire’s Daughter, New York, N.Y.: Dodd, Mead and Company, published 1919, →OCLC, page 16:

     "I was dragged up at the workhouse school till I was twelve. Then I ran away and sold papers in the streets, and anything else that I could pick up a few coppers by—except steal. I never did that. I always made up my mind I'd be a big man some day, and—I'm glad I didn't steal."

   • 1990, Peter Hopkirk, The Great Game, Folio Society, published 2010, page 310:

     However […], the British were unable to do much about it short of going to war with St Petersburg, and that the government was unwilling to do.

   • 2005, Joey Comeau, Lockpick Pornography (Loose Teeth Press):

     I've never seen someone beaten unconscious before. That’s lesbians for you.

   1. Used to refer to a noun phrase or statement just made.

      They're getting divorced. What do you think about that?

      They gave me the book about whales. That I've not yet read.

      She asked me to lend him my tools. That I couldn't do.

      I got fed up, and that to a great degree.

   2. Used to emphatically affirm or deny a previous statement or question.

      The water is so cold! — That it is.

      Would you like another piece of cake? — That I would!

      We think that you stole the tarts. — That I did not!

   • 1910, Helen Granville-Barker, An Apprentice to Truth, page 214:

     "She is very honourable," said Mrs. Thompson, solemnly. "Yes, one sees she is that, and so simple-minded."

2. (relative, plural that) In a relative clause, referring to a previously mentioned noun, as subject, direct object, indirect object, or object of a preposition; which, who. [from 9c.]

   I didn't see the car that hit me.

   The CPR course that she took really came in handy.

   The house that he lived in was old and dilapidated.

   This is the person that swore at me. (sometimes proscribed)

   The poor cat, that had been trapped for three days, was freed this morning. (non-restrictive use; sometimes proscribed; see usage notes)

   • c. 1599–1602 (date written), William Shake-speare, The Tragicall Historie of Hamlet, Prince of Denmarke: […] (First Quarto), London: […] [Valentine Simmes] for N[icholas] L[ing] and Iohn Trundell, published 1603, →OCLC, [Act I, scene iv], signature C3, verso:

     By heauen ile make a ghoſt of him that lets me, […]

   • 2011 November 11, Jeremy Wilson, “England Under 21 5 Iceland Under 21 0: match report”, in Tony Gallagher, editor, The Daily Telegraph‎, London: Telegraph Media Group, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 11 November 2011:

     His [Alex Oxlade-Chamberlain’s] ability to run at defences is instantly striking, but it is his clever use of possession that has persuaded some shrewd judges that he is an even better prospect than Theo Walcott.

   • 2013 July 20, “Welcome to the plastisphere”, in The Economist (Science and technology section)‎, volume 408, number 8845, London: The Economist Group, →ISSN, →OCLC, archived from the original on 19 July 2013:

     Plastics are energy-rich substances, which is why many of them burn so readily. Any organism that could unlock and use that energy would do well in the Anthropocene. Terrestrial bacteria and fungi which can manage this trick are already familiar to experts in the field.

3. (relative, colloquial) Used in place of relative adverbs such as where or when; often omitted.

   the place that [= where or to which] I went last year

   the last time that [= when] I went to Europe

使用する際の注意点

• Some authorities prescribe that restrictive relative clauses (where the relative clause is part of the identification of the noun phrase) should only use that as the introductory pronoun, and non-restrictive relative clauses should only use which or who/whom as the introductory pronoun. In practice, either pronoun is commonly used to introduce a restrictive relative clause, including in edited prose. In contrast, it is not usual in edited written English to use that to introduce a non-restrictive relative clause, though there are occasional rare attestations.
• In a restrictive relative clause, that is never used as the object of a preposition unless the preposition occurs at the end of the clause; which is used instead. Hence "this is the car I spoke of" can be rendered as "this is the car that I spoke of" or "this is the car of which I spoke", but not as *"this is the car of that I spoke."
• That can refer to people or things, whereas which refers primarily to things, and who refers to people. Some authorities insist who/whom be used when making reference to people, but others, such as the Merriam-Webster dictionary, write that such prescriptions are "without foundation" and use of that in such positions is common and "entirely standard". Hence, one sees both "he is the man who invented the telephone" and "he is the man that invented the telephone."
• When that (or another relative pronoun, like who or which) is used as the subject of a relative clause, the verb agrees with the antecedent of the pronoun. Thus "The thing that is...", "The things that are...", etc.
• In the past, bare that could be used, with the meaning "the thing, person, etc indicated", where modern English requires that which or what. Hence the King James translation of John 3:11 is "We speak that we do know, and testify that we have seen" while the New International Version has "we speak of what we know, and we testify to what we have seen".