habeoとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源

From Proto-Italic *habēō or *haβēō; the latter from earlier *haβējō may be from *gʰeh₁bʰ-éh₁-ye-ti, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰeh₁bʰ- (“to grab, to take”). Compare Old Irish gaibid (“takes, holds”), Polish gabać (“to accost, sue”).

As such, it was long thought to be related to English give, though more recent research has placed this in doubt. Despite similarity in meaning and form habeo is unrelated to English have, which is, rather, cognate with Latin capiō (“to take”).

Oscan and Umbrian have cognate forms with -b-, which must reflect an original *-b-, because Proto-Italic *-β- (and therefore PIE *-bʰ-) becomes -f-, not -b-, in those languages. On the other hand, *b is a seldom-attested phoneme in PIE, whose status is still disputed. Thus, the exact origin of this word is not clear.

Among the oldest attestations are the works of Plautus (circa 254 to 184 BC) and the Senatus consultum de Bacchanalibus (186 BC). Umbrian cognate hab- attested in the Iguvine Tablets (oldest tablets 3rd century BC). Oscan cognate haf- attested in the Tabula Bantina (89 BC).

When used as a future in Late Latin and subsequently Romance, the pronunciation evolved into /ˈaβjo/ > /ˈajo/.

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈha.be.oː]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈaː.be.o]

動詞

habeō (present infinitive habēre, perfect active habuī, supine habitum); second conjugation

1. to have, hold

   Synonyms: possideō, teneō

   Spero ut pacem semper habeant.

   I hope that they always have peace.

   • 63 BCE, Cicero, In Catilinam I.9:

     O di immortales! ubinam gentium sumus? in qua urbe vivimus? quam rem publicam habemus?

     O immortal gods! Where on earth are we? In what city are we living? What is the government we have?

2. to own, have (possessions)
   • 191 BCE, Plautus, Pseudolus IV.vii.1188:

     mea quidem haec habeo omnia meo peculio empta.

     I genuinely own all these things, bought with my own savings.

   • 191 BCE, Plautus, Pseudolus IV.vii.1125:

     scortum quaerit, habet argentum.

     He’s looking for a prostitute, he's got money.

   Cave, catapultam habeo! ― Beware, I have a catapult!

3. to possess, have (qualities)

   Synonyms: possideō, obtineō, teneō, capiō

   Annos viginti habet. ― He is twenty years old.

   • c. 95 CE, Quintilian, Institutio Oratoria 6.3.73:

     triginta ... annos habere

     to be thirty years old

   • c. 42 BCE, Sallust, Bellum Catilinae:

     Nam divitiarum et formae gloria fluxa atque fragilis est, virtus clara aeternaque habetur.

     For the glory of wealth and beauty is fleeting and perishable; that of the mind is illustrious and possessed forever.

4. to retain, maintain

   (Can we add an example for this sense?)

5. to conduct, preside over

   (Can we add an example for this sense?)

6. to regard, consider or account a person or thing as something
   • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.40:

     […] pro indignissimo habuerant se patrio regno tutoris fraude pulsos

     […] They had considered it most cruel that they’d been removed from their father’s throne by the treachery of their guardian.

   • 20 BCE, Horace, Epistles I.19.16:

     dum studet urbanus tenditque disertus haberi.

     while he strives and aspires to be regarded as refined and eloquent.

   • 121 CE, Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars:

     diemque cladis quotannis maestum habuerit ac lugubrem.

     And each year he considered the day of the disaster gloomy and mournful.

   in numerō habēre ― to rank

7. to accept, bear, endure

   (Can we add an example for this sense?)

8. (of feelings, problems) to affect, trouble (someone)
   • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 26.1:

     Ea tum cura maxime intentos habebat Romanos, non ab ira tantum, quae in nullam unquam ciuitatem iustior fuit, quam quod urbs tam nobilis ac potens, sicut defectione sua traxerat aliquot populos, ita recepta inclinatura rursus animos uidebatur ad ueteris imperii respectum.

     This concern in particular troubled the mindful Romans at the time, not so much because of anger, which has never been more justified against any other city, rather because a city so noble and powerful, in the same way that it had attracted the support of a number of communities by its revolt, was thought would again turn attention back towards respect for the previous government once recaptured.

9. (of a lover) to enjoy, have, possess
   • 70 BCE – 19 BCE, Virgil, Eclogues 1:

     Libertas […] longo post tempore venit,
     postquam nos Amaryllis habet, Galatea reliquit.

     Freedom […] came after a long delay, ever since Amaryllis enjoys me, and Galatea has left me.

   • c. 27 BCE, Tibullus, Elegies 1.2.65-6:

     Ferreus ille fuit, qui, te cum posset habere,
     maluerit praedas stultus et arma sequi.

     He was made of iron, he who, when he could have had you, stupidly preferred to chase after spoils and weapons.

10. (Late Latin, Medieval Latin, auxiliary verb for perfect tense) to have
    • 430-489, Caius Sollius Modestus Apollinaris Sidonius, Epistolae Liber Octavus, Epistola I, page 278:

      […] hoc quasi stagnum pernavigemus nam satis habeo deliberatum, sicut adhibendam in consciptione diligentiam […]

      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

    Nec in publico vestimenta lavare, nec berbices tondere habeant licitum ― They haven't allowed clothes to be washed in public, neither to shave sheep

    Illud sacramentum quod juratum habeo ― The oath that I have sworn

11. (Late Latin, Medieval Latin, present with infinitive) to want; will, shall, should

    Feri eum adhuc, nam si non feriveris, ego te ferire habeo ― Hit him again, for if you don't, I shall hit you

    Currens affer illum ad me, ego enim eum habeo baptizare ― Bring him to me quickly, I will baptize him

    Ipse enim, quia ægrotat, habeo eum visitare ― He who is sick, I want to visit him

12. (Late Latin, Medieval Latin, past imperfect with infinitive) would
    • 354 CE – 430 CE, Aurelius Augustinus Hipponensis, Sermones CCLIII.253:

      Sanare te habebat Deus per indulgentiam, si fatereris.

      (please add an English translation of this quotation)

13. (Late Latin, Medieval Latin) to have to; to be compelled

    A patria Cathaloniæ se absentare habuerunt, et in fugam se constituerunt, ne justitia de ipsis fieret ― They had to leave from the land of Cathalonia, and decided to escape, so that justice would not be made of them

14. (Medieval Latin, existential) there be

    Habet in Spinogilo mansum dominicatum cum casa et aliis casticiis sufficienter ― There is a lord's villa in Spinogilo with a house and other buildings

使用する際の注意点

• In Late Latin, as the classical synthetic future tense began to decline in speech from phonetic changes, one of the various periphrases thereof was to use the present inflections of habeo with the infinitive; originally this construction was strictly modal:
  • Late 2nd century CE, Aulus Gellius, Noctes Atticae, Book 20, 10,2:

    si quid igitur ex Vergilio, Plauto, Ennio quaerere habes, quaeras licet.

    If you have something then to ask of Vergil & Plautus & Ennius, you may ask it.

• Eventually it became the popular way to express the future tense in Romance:
  • Early 5th century CE, Augustine, In Evangelium Ioannis Tractatus, I, 4,2:

    Tempestas illa tollere habet totam paleam de area

    The storm will lift up all the chaff from the ground

Conjugation

At least one use of the Old Latin "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to").
The present passive infinitive in -ier is a rare poetic form which is attested.

派生語

関連する語

• habere
• habēna
• habilitās f
• habiliter

派生した語

参照

Further reading

• "habeo", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “habeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “habeo”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “habeo”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • to have time for a thing: tempus habere alicui rei
    
  • to have something in one's hands, on hand: in manibus habere aliquid (also metaphorically)
    
  • to treat as one's own child: aliquem in liberorum loco habere
    
  • I was ten years old at the time: tum habebam decem annos
    
  • such was the end of... (used of a violent death): talem vitae exitum (not finem) habuit (Nep. Eum. 13)
    
  • the facts are these; the matter stands thus: res ita est, ita (sic) se habet
    
  • to come to an end: finem habere
    
  • to turn out (well); to result (satisfactorily): eventum, exitum (felicem) habere
    
  • to have regard for; take into consideration: rationem habere alicuius rei
    
  • to have considerable influence on a question: magnam vim habere ad aliquid
    
  • to contain, afford matter for criticism: ansam habere reprehensionis
    
  • to have success in one's grasp: fortunam in manibus habere
    
  • to afford no consolation: nihil habere consolationis
    
  • to be very rich; to be in a position of affluence: magnas opes habere
    
  • to be well-disposed towards..: benevolentiam habere erga aliquem
    
  • to feel gratitude (in one's heart): gratiam alicui habere
    
  • to be at enmity with a man: inimicitias gerere, habere, exercere cum aliquo
    
  • to harp on a thing, be always talking of it: in ore habere aliquid (Fam. 6. 18. 5)
    
  • to have the reputation of virtue: opinionem virtutis habere
    
  • to honour, show respect for, a person: honorem alicui habere, tribuere
    
  • to be at leisure: otium habere
    
  • to have formed an ideal notion of a thing: comprehensam quandam animo speciem (alicuius rei) habere
    
  • a thing which is rather (very) dubious: quod aliquam (magnam) dubitationem habet (Leg. Agr. 1. 4. 11)
    
  • to know a thing for certain: aliquid compertum habere
    
  • I am quite certain on the point: mihi exploratum est, exploratum (certum) habeo
    
  • convince yourself of this; rest assured on this point: sic habeto
    
  • to deliberate together (of a number of people): consilium habere (de aliqua re)
    
  • I am resolved; it is my intention: in animo habeo or mihi est in animo c. Inf.
    
  • to have a theoretical knowledge of a thing: ratione, doctrina (opp. usu) aliquid cognitum habere
    
  • to have had great experience in a thing: magnum usum in aliqua re habere
    
  • we know from experience: usu cognitum habemus
    
  • to possess literary knowledge: litterarum scientiam (only in sing.) habere
    
  • to be well-informed, erudite: multa cognita, percepta habere, multa didicisse
    
  • to have as authority for a thing: auctorem aliquem habere alicuius rei
    
  • to be well acquainted with the views of philosophers: praecepta philosophorum (penitus) percepta habere
    
  • to give lectures: scholas habere, explicare (Fin. 2. 1. 1)
    
  • to know nothing of logic: disserendi artem nullam habere
    
  • to maintain a controversy with some one: controversiam (contentionem) habere cum aliquo
    
  • to be a man of taste: sensum, iudicium habere
    
  • to have an appreciative audience: populum facilem, aequum habere
    
  • to make a speech: orationem habere (Tusc. 5. 33. 94)
    
  • to read a speech: de scripto orationem habere, dicere (opp. sine scripto, ex memoria)
    
  • I have nothing to write about: non habeo argumentum scribendi
    
  • I have nothing to write about: non habeo, non est quod scribam
    
  • to be engaged on a book: librum in manibus habere (Acad. 1. 1. 2)
    
  • something harasses me, makes me anxious: aliquid me sollicitat, me sollicitum habet, mihi sollicitudini est, mihi sollicitudinem affert
    
  • I am content to..: satis habeo, satis mihi est c. Inf.
    
  • to be brave, courageous: bonum animum habere
    
  • to cherish a hope: spem habere
    
  • to set one's hope on some one: spem habere in aliquo
    
  • to possess not the least spark of feeling: nullam partem sensus habere
    
  • to feel affection for a person: carum habere aliquem
    
  • to feel affection for a person: in amore habere aliquem
    
  • to be some one's favourite: in amore et deliciis esse alicui (active in deliciis habere aliquem)
    
  • to have laid something to heart; to take an interest in a thing: curae habere aliquid
    
  • there is nothing I am more interested in than..: nihil antiquius or prius habeo quam ut (nihil mihi antiquius or potius est, quam ut)
    
  • to be admired: admirationem habere (Quintil. 8. 2. 6)
    
  • to believe a person: fidem habere alicui
    
  • to have great confidence in a thing: fiduciam (alicuius rei) habere
    
  • a thing finds credence, is credible: aliquid fidem habet (vid. also fides under sect. VII., History)
    
  • to suspect a person: suspicionem habere de aliquo
    
  • to be suspected of a thing: suspicionem alicuius rei habere
    
  • to cherish an inveterate animosity against some one: odium inveteratum habere in aliquem (Vat. 3. 6)
    
  • this is a characteristic of virtue, it..: virtus hoc habet, ut...
    
  • to overcome one's passions: coercere, cohibere, continere, domitas habere cupiditates
    
  • to give offense to, to shock a person (used of things, vid. sect. V. 18): offensionem habere
    
  • there is something repulsive about the thing: res habet aliquid offensionis
    
  • to have the appearance of something: speciem alicuius rei habere
    
  • to pay divine honours to some one: alicui divinos honores tribuere, habere
    
  • to have power over the people by trading on their religious scruples: religione obstrictos habere multitudinis animos (Liv. 6. 1. 10)
    
  • to make a thing a matter of conscience, be scrupulous about a thing: aliquid religioni habere or in religionem vertere
    
  • to have innate ideas of the Godhead; to believe in the Deity by intuition: insitas (innatas) dei cognitiones habere (N. D. 1. 17. 44)
    
  • to celebrate a festival of thanksgiving: supplicationem habere (Liv. 22. 1. 15)
    
  • to hold a lectisternium: lectisternium facere, habere (Liv. 22. 1. 18)
    
  • to possess means, to be well off: rem or opes habere, bona possidere, in bonis esse
    
  • to dwell in a certain place: domicilium (sedem ac domicilium) habere in aliquo loco
    
  • I have no means, no livelihood: non habeo, qui (unde) vivam
    
  • to converse, talk with a person on a subject: sermonem habere cum aliquo de aliqua re (De Am. 1. 3)
    
  • to be a married man: uxorem habere (Verr. 3. 33. 76)
    
  • to separate from, divorce (of the man): aliquam suas res sibi habere iubere (Phil. 2. 28. 69)
    
  • to have commercial interests in Sicily: negotia habere (in Sicilia)
    
  • to make a profit out of something: quaestui aliquid habere (Off. 2. 3. 13)
    
  • I have money owing me: pecuniam in nominibus habeo
    
  • to be in debt: aes alienum habere
    
  • to have no constitution, be in anarchy: nullam habere rem publicam
    
  • to fix the day for, to hold, to dismiss a meeting: concilium indicere, habere, dimittere
    
  • to hold a meeting of the people: comitia habere
    
  • to enjoy absolute immunity: immunitatem omnium rerum habere
    
  • to enrich oneself at the expense of the state: rem publicam quaestui habere
    
  • he has power over life and death: potestatem habet in aliquem vitae necisque (B. G. 1. 16. 5)
    
  • to hold the census: censum habere, agere (Liv. 3. 22)
    
  • to hold a sitting of the senate: senatum habere
    
  • to examine a person, a matter: quaestionem habere de aliquo, de aliqua re or in aliquem
    
  • to have a good case: causam optimam habere (Lig. 4. 10)
    
  • to hold a levy: dilectum habere
    
  • to be excused military duty: militiae vacationem habere
    
  • veterans; experienced troops: qui magnum in castris usum habent
    
  • to possess great experience in military matters: magnum usum in re militari habere (Sest. 5. 12)
    
  • to hold a council of war: consilium habere, convocare
    
  • to harangue the soldiers: contionem habere apud milites
    
  • this I have to say: haec habeo dicere or habeo quae dicam
    
  • the matter stands so (otherwise): res ita (aliter) se habet
    
• habeo in Ramminger, Johann (16 July 2016 (last accessed)), Neulateinische Wortliste: Ein Wörterbuch des Lateinischen von Petrarca bis 1700‎, pre-publication website, 2005-2016