quodとは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

Abbreviation of quadrangle; originally (17th century) referring to the quadrangles of Newgate Prison, London.

名詞

quod (countable and uncountable, plural quods)

1. (countable) A quadrangle or court, as of a prison; a prison.
   • 1863, Punch, quoted in 1995, Seán McConville, English Local Prisons, 1860-1900: Next Only to Death, page 69,

     […] not the poorer classes merely, but the rich will be desirous to enjoy the mingled luxury and comfort of a gaol: and we shall hear of blasé Swells become burglars and garotters as a prelude to a prison, and, instead of taking tours for restoration of their health, recruiting it more cheaply by a residence in quod.

   • 1878, John Wrathall Bull, Early Experiences of Colonial Life in South Australia, page 264:

     […] and declined their escort, desiring to be conducted to “quod” by the gallant South Australian police, […] .

   • 2000, R.I.C. Publications, Workbook E: Society and Environment, page 48:

     From 1855-1903 a chapel was built, the boat shed and holding cell constructed, Government House was constructed as a summer residence for the Governor and the Quod (slang for prison) was constructed.

   • 2006, Pip Wilson, Faces in the Street: Louisa and Henry Lawson and the Castlereagh Street Push, page 202:

     Pity McNamara′s still doing his stretch in the quod, but he′ll be out soon.

2. (uncountable, Australia, slang) Confinement in a prison.
   • c. 1894, Acquaintance of Norman Lindsay, quoted in 2005, James Cockington, Banned: Tales From the Bizarre History of Australian Obscenity, Australian Broadcasting Corporation, paperback →ISBN, page 7,

     I don′t suppose you'll get more than a couple of months′ quod for them.

別の表記

• quad

動詞

quod (third-person singular simple present quods, present participle quodding, simple past and past participle quodded)

1. (slang, archaic) To confine in prison.
   • 1851, Henry Mayhew, London Labour and the London Poor, published 1861:

     An intelligent costermonger, who was with me when I saw the two brothers, told me that “a costermonger would rather be thought to have come out of prison than out of a workhouse,” for his “mates” would say, if they heard he had been locked up, “O, he’s only been quodded for pitching into a crusher.”

語源 2

動詞

quod

1. (obsolete) Quoth.
   • 1563, John Foxe, “Actes and Monuments”, in The Church Historians of England: Reformation Period, published 1868, Volume 8, Part 1, page 422:

     “Why,” quod her friend, “would ye not willingly have gone with your company, if God should so have suffered it?”

   • 1908, James Gairdner, Lollardy and the Reformation in England: An Historical Survey, Cambridge University Press, published 2010, page 416:

     “And therefore I have granted to their request,” quod the King; […] .

参考

語源

Inherited from Proto-Italic *kʷod, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷód, whence also 古期英語 hwæt (English what). The pronoun came to be used as an adverb through the accusative of respect: "(this is) according to what", "(that is) in respect of which" → "why". Compare quia.

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈkʷɔd]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈkʷɔd]

副詞

quod

1. (in indirect questions) what for, why, wherefore, that:
   1. with est and a previous referent (nihil, hoc, etc.): because of which, for which
      • c. 200 BCE, Plautus, Stichus 1.2.69–71:

        Edepol vos lepide temptavi vostrumque ingenium ingeni.
        Sed hoc est quod ad vos venio quodque esse ambas conventas volo:
        mi auctores ita sunt amici, ut vos hinc abducam domum.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • c. 190 BCE, Plautus, Curculio 166:

        Palinure, Palinure. — Eloquere, quid est quod Palinurum voces?

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • c. 186 BCE, Plautus, Aulularia 1.3.13–14:

        Quod quispiam ignem quaerat, extingui volo,
        ne causae quid sit quod te quisquam quaeritet.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • 163 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Heauton Timorumenos 1.175:

        Nil adhuc est quod vereare.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • 62 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Familiares 14.12:

        In viam quod te des hoc tempore, nihil est: et longum est iter et non tutum et non video, quid prodesse possis, si veneris.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   2. with habeō
      • 45 BCE, Cicero, De finibus bonorum et malorum 1.62:

        Dolores autem, si qui incurrunt, nunquam vim tantam habent, ut non plus habeat sapiens quod gaudeat quam quod angatur.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   3. without the referent
      • c. 190 BCE, Plautus, Bacchides 1149:

        Soror, est quod te volo secreto.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • 68 BCE – 44 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum 16.5.2:

        Quam ob rem, etsi magis est, quod gratuler tibi, quam quod te rogem, tamen etiam rogo, ut, […]

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • 20 BCE – 14 BCE, Horace, Epistles 2.28–30:

        Si, quia Graiorum sunt antiquissima quaeque
        scripta uel optima, Romani pensantur eadem
        scriptores trutina, non est quod multa loquamur:

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   4. alone
      • c. 190 BCE, Plautus, Epidicus 456:

        Animum advorte, ut quod ego ad te advenio intellegas

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • 163 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Heauton Timorumenos Prologus.1–3:

        Nequoi sit vostrum mirum quor partis seni
        poeta dederit quae sunt adulescentium,
        id primum dicam, deinde quod veni eloquar.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

2. introducing a sentence:
   1. to this purpose, regarding this; that is why

      Synonyms: quare, cur

      • 45 BCE, Cicero, De Natura Deorum 2.93:

        Hoc qui existimat fieri potuisse, non intellego, cur non idem putet, si innumerabiles unius et viginti formae litterarum vel aureae vel qualeslibet aliquo coiciantur, posse ex is in terram excussis annales Enni, ut deinceps legi possint, effici; quod nescio an ne in uno quidem versu possit tantum valere fortuna.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • 165 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Hecyra 3.2.3:

        Nescioquid iamdudum audio hic tumultuari misera:
        male metuo ne Philumenae mage morbus adgravescat:
        quod te, Aesculapi, et te, Salus, nequid sit huius oro.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   2. with sī (and/but if), nisī (and/but though), utinam ((and/but) if ever), ubī, quia, quoniam, etc.
      • c. 110 BCE – c. 25 BCE, Cornelius Nepos, On the Eminent Commanders XVIII. Eumenes 8.3:

        Quod si quis illorum veteranorum legat facta, paria horum cognoscat neque rem ullam nisi tempus interesse iudicet.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • c. 77 CE – 79 CE, Pliny the Elder, Naturalis Historia 18.23.53:

        Quod ut hanc quoque curam determinemus, iustum mense singulas vehes fimi redire in singulas pecudes minores, in maiores denas.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • c. 60 BCE – 54 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Quintum Fratrem 1.1.9:

        Quod si te sors Afris aut Hispanis aut Gallis praefecisset, immanibus ac barbaris nationibus, tamen esset humanitatis tuae consulere eorum commodis et utilitati salutique servire: […]

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

接続詞

quod

1. often used with adverbs or adverbial locatives: because, in that, as

   Synonym: proptereā quod

   Near-synonyms: quoniam, quia

   ideo/idcirco quod ― (please add an English translation of this usage example)

   • c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.23:

     Helvetii, seu quod timore perterritos Romanos discedere a se existimarent, […] sive eo quod re frumentaria intercludi posse confiderent, […] nostros a novissimo agmine insequi ac lacessere coeperunt.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • c. 45 BCE, Cicero, Tusculan Disputations 5.105:

     Aristides […] nonne ob eam causam expulsus est patria, quod praeter modum iustus esset?

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

2. introducing a clause: since, because
   1. subject or attribute of a main verb
      • c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.42:

        Caesar, quod neque conloquium interposita causa tolli volebat neque salutem suam Gallorum equitatui committere audebat, commodissimum esse statuit omnibus equis Gallis equitibus detractis eo legionarios milites legionis X., cui quam maxime confidebat, imponere, ut praesidium quam amicissimum, si quid opus facto esset, haberet.

        Caesar, as he didn't want either the interview to be for any reason set aside or confide his wellbeing in the hands of the Gallic cavalry, said he saw as most fit the Gallic horsemen be stripped off their steeds and in their place mount legionaries of the 10th legion, in which he had the utmost faith, that he might have as trusted a body-guard as one could have if the occasion ever urged its use.

      • 44 BCE – 43 BCE, Cicero, Philippicae 2.91:

        Optimum vero, quod dictaturae nomen in perpetuum de re publica sustulisti; quo quidem facto tantum te cepisse odium regni videbatur, ut eius omen omne propter proximum dictatoris metum tolleres.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   2. subordinate to an adverbial demonstrative or diacritical adverb
      • 80 BCE, Cicero, Pro Roscio Amerino 52:

        Odium igitur acerrimum patris in filium ex hoc, opinor, ostenditur, Eruci, quod hunc ruri esse patiebatur.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • 63 BCE, Cicero, Catiline Orations 2.4:

        Quem quidem ego hostem, Quirites, quam vehementer foris esse timendum putem, licet hinc intellegatis, quod etiam illud moleste fero, quod ex urbe parum comitatus exierit.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • 55 BCE, Cicero, De Oratore 2.83:

        […] ; omninoque in hoc omnis est error, quod existimant artificium esse hoc quoddam non dissimile ceterorum, […]

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   3. in apposition, explaining a noun: that is
      • c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.14.3:

        Quod si veteris contumeliae oblivisci vellet, num etiam recentium iniuriarum, quod eo invito iter per provinciam per vim temptassent, quod Haeduos, quod Ambarros, quod Allobrogas vexassent, memoriam deponere posse?

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

3. with the subjunctive: as to the fact, when, whereas, in case that, if it be so that, suppose that
   • c. 206 BCE, Plautus, Miles Gloriosus 2.2.7–8:

     Quod ille gallinam aut columbam se sectari aut simiam
     dicat, disperiistis ni usque ad mortem male mulcassitis.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • c. 186 BCE, Plautus, Aulularia 1.2.13–14:

     Quod quispiam ignem quaerat, extingui volo,
     ne causae quid sit quod te quisquam quaeritet.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 161 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Eunuchus 4.785:

     Sane quod tibi nunc vir videatur esse hic, nebulo magnus est:
     ne metuas.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

4. regarding, concerning the fact, that, as to the fact, whereas
   1. introducing a sentence
      • 55 BCE, Cicero, De Oratore 1.41:

        Quod vero in extrema oratione quasi tuo iure sumpsisti, oratorem in omnis seris monis disputatione copiosissime versari posse, […]

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • 55 BCE, Cicero, De Oratore 1.237:

        Quod vero impudentiam admiratus es eorum patronorum, qui aut, cum parva nescirent, magna profiterentur aut ea, quae maxima essent in iure civili, tractare auderent in causis, cum ea nescirent numquamque didicissent, utriusque rei facilis est et prompta defensio.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   2. repeated
      • c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 44:

        Quod multitudinem Germanorum in Galliam traducat, id se sui muniendi, non Galliae oppugnandae causa facere; […] Quod fratres a senatu Haeduos appellatos diceret, non se tam barbarum neque tam imperitum esse […] Quod si eum interfecerit multis sese nobilibus principibusque populi Romani gratum esse facturum […] Quod si decessisset et liberam possessionem Galliae sibi tradidisset, […]

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   3. inside a sentence
      • c. 52 BCE, Julius Caesar, Commentarii de Bello Gallico 1.18.10:

        Reperiebat etiam in quaerendo Caesar, quod proelium equestre adversum paucis ante diebus esset factum, initium eius fugae factum a Dumnorige atque eius equitibus […]

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

5. with restrictive adverbs: This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

   nisi/tantum quod ― save that, except for

   modō quod ― as soon as

   • c. 186 BCE, Plautus, Aulularia 624:

     Non temere est quod corvos cantat mihi nunc ab laeva manu; […]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 70 BCE, Cicero, In Verrem 2.1.116:

     Videte ut hoc iste correxerit. Componit edictum his verbis ut quivis intellegere possit unius hominis causa conscriptum esse, tantum quod hominem non nominat; […]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • Vulgata—Genesis 18–19:

     Placuit oblatio eorum Hemor, et Sichem filio ejus, nec distulit adolescens quin statim quod petebatur expleret : […]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

6. used instead of an infinitive clause: that
   1. after verbs of feeling or declaring
      • c. 209 BCE, Plautus, Asinaria 1.1.36–37:

        Equidem scio iam, filius quod amet meus
        istanc meretricem e proxumo Philaenium.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • 68 BCE – 44 BCE, Cicero, Epistulae ad Atticum 3.3.1:

        Vtinam illum diem videam cum tibi agam gratias quod me vivere coegisti!

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • 44 BCE, Cicero, De Officiis 2.76:

        Laudat Africanum Panaetius, quod fuerit abstinens. Quidni laudet?

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • 44 BCE, Cicero, De Officiis 2.20:

        Videndumque illud est, quod, si opulentum fortunatumque defenderis, in uno illo aut, si forte, in liberis eius manet gratia: […]

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • 121 CE, Suetonius, The Twelve Caesars Vita divi Titi 8:

        […] ; atque etiam recordatus [Titus] quondam super cenam, quod nihil cuiquam toto die praestitisset, memorabilem illam meritoque laudatam vocem edidit: "Amici, diem perdidi."

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   2. after faciō or facile est, in (+ gerund)

      bene fecisti, quod ad me venisti ― you did well in coming to me

      • 116 BCE – 27 BCE, Marcus Terentius Varro, Agricultural Topics 2.10:

        Quod ad feturam humanam pertinet pastorum, qui in fundo perpetuo manent, facile est, quod habent conservam in villa, nec hac venus pastoralis longius quid quaerit.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   3. (perhaps vulgar) also used freely
      • c. 206 BCE – 188 BCE, Plautus, Mercator 4.2.1–2:

        Parumne est malai rei, quod amat Demipho,
        ni sumptuosus insuper etiam siet?

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

7. (chiefly post-Augustan) since (temporal)

   Synonym: cum

   • c. 190 BCE – 185 BCE, Plautus, Amphitryon 302, (often corrected to quom (cum)):

     Agite, pugni, iam diu est quod ventri victum non datis: […]

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 61 CE – c. 112 CE, Pliny the Younger, Epistulae 4.27.1:

     Tertius dies est quod audivi recitantem Sentium Augurinum cum summa mea voluptate, immo etiam admiratione

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

8. (Late Latin, Medieval Latin) that (in indirect speech)
   • Vulgata—Genesis 1.4:

     Et vidit Deus lucem quod esset bona : et divisit lucem a tenebris.

     (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   • 13th century, Dies Irae IX:

     Recordare, Jesu pie, quod sum causa tuae viae

     Remember, holy Jesus, that I am the reason for your journey.

派生語

関連する語

• quid

派生した語

In some romance languages, including the two old versions listed, quod merged with the descendants of quid.

• Aromanian: cã, che
• Dalmatian: co
• Old Italian: có
• Old Neapolitan: ko (Placiti Cassinesi)
• Romanian: că
• Romansch: cu

代名詞

quod

1. (relative) neuter nominative/accusative singular of quī

限定詞

quod

1. (interrogative) neuter nominative/accusative singular of quī

   Quod carmen canendum est nobis? ― What song should we sing?

参照

• “quod”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “quod”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• “quod”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• "quod", in Charles du Fresne du Cange’s Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “quod”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • (ambiguous) to fail to see what lies before one: quod ante pedes est or positum est, non videre
    
  • (ambiguous) the rest of one's life: quod reliquum est vitae
    
  • (ambiguous) it is most fortunate that..: peropportune accidit, quod
    
  • (ambiguous) you were right in...; you did right to..: recte, bene fecisti quod...
    
  • (ambiguous) a thing which is rather (very) dubious: quod aliquam (magnam) dubitationem habet (Leg. Agr. 1. 4. 11)
    
  • (ambiguous) as far as I know: quod sciam
    
  • (ambiguous) he attained his object: id quod voluit consecutus est
    
  • (ambiguous) he attained his object: ad id quod voluit pervenit
    
  • (ambiguous) a proof of this is that..: argumento huic rei est, quod
    
  • (ambiguous) the point at issue: id, de quo agitur or id quod cadit in controversiam
    
  • (ambiguous) a digression, episode: quod ornandi causa additum est
    
  • (ambiguous) I have nothing to write about: non habeo, non est quod scribam
    
  • (ambiguous) a theme, subject proposed for discussion: id quod (mihi) propositum est
    
  • (ambiguous) a theme, subject proposed for discussion: id quod quaerimus (quaeritur)
    
  • (ambiguous) a theme, subject proposed for discussion: institutum or id quod institui
    
  • (ambiguous) as the proverb says: ut or quod or quomodo aiunt, ut or quemadmodum dicitur
    
  • (ambiguous) I am pained, vexed, sorry: aegre, graviter, moleste fero aliquid (or with Acc. c. Inf. or quod)
    
  • (ambiguous) and may God grant success: quod deus bene vertat!
    
  • (ambiguous) and may heaven avert the omen! heaven preserve us from this: quod di immortales omen avertant! (Phil. 44. 11)
    
  • (ambiguous) God forbid: quod abominor! (procul absit!)
    
  • (ambiguous) may heaven's blessing rest on it: quod bonum, faustum, felix, fortunatumque sit! (Div. 1. 45. 102)
    
  • (ambiguous) I will give you my true opinion: dicam quod sentio
    
  • (ambiguous) without wishing to boast, yet..: quod vere praedicare possum
    
  • (ambiguous) which I can say without offence, arrogance: quod non arroganter dixerim
    
  • (ambiguous) to except the fact that..: praeterquam quod or nisi quod
    
  • (ambiguous) the main point: id quod maximum, gravissimum est
    
  • (ambiguous) the main point: quod caput est
    
  • (ambiguous) what is more important: quod maius est