um...とは 意味・読み方・使い方

語源 1

From the homographic case endings of the nominative, accusative, and vocative forms of numerous neuter Latin second declension nouns.

接尾辞

-um (plural -ums or -a)

1. Denotes singular grammatical number.
2. (chemistry) Forms the ends of the names of certain elements (such as molybdenum and platinum).

派生語

参考

語源 2

Possibly from 'em.

接尾辞

-um

1. Denotes transitive verbs in the trade pidgins used between English-speakers and indigenous populations; used derogatorily by extension in English by addition to any verb, transitive or not.
   • 1871, Mrs. Edward Millett, An Australian parsonage; or, The settler and the savage in Western Australia, page 129:

     Having finished her return of deaths, she went on to say "Black fellow sick—white lady fowl sendum—white lady kangaroo sendum—master all self eatum—" but here she paused and made an exception in favour of the matron, expressed by the words " Missis not eatum—missis good fellow."

   • 1896, F J Stimsom, King Noanett: A Story of Old Virginia and the Massachusetts Bay, page 254:

     "Givum dinner; smokum pipe," was all that we could get out of Quatchett.

派生語

(any sense):

アナグラム

• -mu-, MU, Mu, mu

語源

From Proto-West Germanic *-um, possibly from Proto-Germanic *-amaz with reduction and analogical zero-grade, ultimately from Proto-Indo-European *-om, also reconstructed as *-oHom. This etymology is incomplete. You can help Wiktionary by elaborating on the origins of this term.

接尾辞

-um

1. Used to form the dative plural of essentially all nouns

   ‎hund (“dog”) + ‎-um → ‎hundum (“dogs”)

   ‎sċip (“ship”) + ‎-um → ‎sċipum (“ships”)

2. Used to form the strong and weak dative and instrumental plural of adjectives
3. Used to form the strong dative singular of masculine and neuter adjectives

派生した語

• Middle English: -en, -e (early, through the variant -an)

語源 1

From Proto-Italic *-om, from Proto-Indo-European *-om (thematic masculine singular accusative and neuter singular nominative and accusative ending).

別の表記

• -ũ (scribal abbreviation)
• -om (conditioned variant used after -v-, -qu-, -gu-, -u- up through the middle of the first century AD)

接尾辞

-um

1. inflection of -us:
   1. accusative masculine singular
   2. nominative/accusative/vocative neuter singular

語源 2

From Proto-Italic *-om, from Proto-Indo-European *-oHom (genitive plural ending).

別の表記

• -om (conditioned variant used after -v-, -qu-, -gu-, -u- up through the middle of the first century AD)
• -ûm, -ôm; -ūm, -ōm (variant spellings previously used in specific contexts in New Latin and modern editions of Old/Classical/Late Latin works. See usage notes.)

接尾辞

-um

1. genitive plural ending
   1. Found in -ōrum
   2. Found in -ārum
   3. genitive plural of -s
   4. Sometimes found instead of -ōrum, -ārum or -ium
      • 116 BCE – 27 BCE, Marcus Terentius Varro, On the Latin Language 9.85:

        Sic videtur mihi, quoniam finitum et infinitum habeat dissimilitudinem, non debere utrumque item dici, eo magis quod in ipsis vocabulis ubi additur certus numerus miliar⟨i⟩is aliter atque in reliquis dicitur: nam sic loquontur, hoc mille denarium, non hoc mille denari⟨orum⟩, et haec duo milia denarium, non duo milia denari⟨orum⟩. Si esset denarii in recto casu atque infinitam multitudinem significaret, tunc in patrico denariorum dici oportebat; et non solum in denariis, victoriatis, drachmis, nummis, sed etiam in viris idem servari oportere, cum dicimus iudicium fuisse triumvirum, decem⟨virum, centum⟩-virum, non ⟨triumvirorum, decemvirorum⟩, centum-virorum.

        • 1938 translation by Roland G. Kent

          Thus it seems to me that since the definite and the indefinite have an inherent difference, the two ought not to be spoken in the same fashion, the more so because in the words themselves, when they are attached to a definite number in the thousands, a form is used which is not the same as that used in other expressions. For they speak thus: mille denarium 'thousand of denarii,' not denariorum, and two milia denarium 'thousands of denarii,' not denariorum. If it were denarii in the nominative and it denoted an indefinite quantity, then it ought to be denariorum in the genitive; and the same distinction must be preserved, it seems to me, not only in denarii, victoriati, drachmae, and nummi, but also in viri, when we say that there has been a decision of the triumvirs, the decemvirs, the centumvirs, all of which have the genitive virum and not virorum.

      • 46 BCE, Cicero, Orator 155:

        Atque etiam a quibusdam sero iam emendatur antiquitas, qui haec reprehendunt. Nam pro 'deum atque hominum fidem', 'deorum' aiunt. Ita credo hoc illi nesciebant: an dabat hanc licentiam consuetudo? Itaque idem poeta qui inusitatius contraxerat: "Patris mei meum factum pudet" pro 'meorum factorum' et "Texitur, exitium examen rapit" pro 'exitiorum', non dicit 'liberum', ut plerique loquimur, cum 'cupidos liberum' aut 'in liberum loco' dicimus, sed ut isti volunt: "Neque tuom unquam in gremium extollas liberorum ex te genus" et idem: "Namque Aesculapi liberorum." At ille alter in Chryse non solum: "Cives, antiqui amici maiorum meum" quod erat usitatum, sed durius etiam: "Consilium socii, augurium atque extum interpretes", idemque pergit: "Postquam prodigium horriferum, portentum pavos"; quae non sane sunt in omnibus neutris usitata. Nec enim dixerim tam lubenter 'armum iudicium',—etsi est apud eundem: "Nihilne ad te de iudicio armum accidit?"—quam 'centuriam', ut censoriae tabulae locuntur, 'fabrum et procum' audeo dicere, non 'fabrorum' et 'procorum'; planeque 'duorumvirorum iudicium' aut 'triumvirorum capitalium' aut 'decemvirorum stlitibus iudicandis' dico nunquam. Atqui dixit Accius: "Video sepulcra dua duorum corporum" idemque "Mulier una duom virum". Quid verum sit intellego; sed alias ita loquor ut concessum est, ut hoc vel 'pro deum' dico vel 'pro deorum', alias ut necesse est, cum triumvirum, non virorum, et sestertium, nummum, non sestertiorum, nummorum, quod in his consuetudo varia non est.

        And even the ancients are corrected now, late in the day, by certain people who find fault with these things. So for 'deum atque hominum fidem', they say 'deorum'. I suppose those of the past did not know the latter usage; or did custom grant this license? Thus the same poet who had used the more unusual contractions "Patris mei meum factum pudet" for 'meorum factorum' and "Texitur, exitium examen rapit" for 'exitiorum', did not say 'liberum', as very many of us do, when we say 'cupidos liberum' or 'in liberum loco', but said 'liberorum' as those people want: "Neque tuom unquam in gremium extollas liberorum ex te genus" and again "Namque Aesculapi liberorum." On the other hand, that other poet in Chryses not only says "Cives, antiqui amici maiorum meum", which was customary then, but also more harshly "Consilium socii, augurium atque extum interpretes", and then proceeds to say "Postquam prodigium horriferum, portentum pavos", which certainly are not customary in all neuter nouns. And truly I would not so freely say 'armum iudicium'—although it is found in the same author: "Nihilne ad te de iudicio armum accidit?"—as I would say 'centuriam fabrum et procum', as the census records say, not 'fabrorum' and 'procorum'; and by all means I never say 'duorumvirorum iudicium' or 'triumvirorum capitalium' or 'decemvirorum stlitibus iudicandis'. And yet Accius said "Video sepulcra dua duorum corporum" and also "Mulier una duom virum". I know what is correct, but sometimes I speak in such a manner as is allowed, such as in this case I say either 'pro deum' or 'pro deorum [fidem]', sometimes as is required, when I say triumvirum, not virorum, and sestertium, nummum, not sestertiorum, nummorum, because in these cases usage is not variable.

使用する際の注意点

Latin genitive plural forms take the ending -um either by itself, or with additional preceding material (generally determined by the word's conjugation class). First and second declension nouns and adjectives usually have genitive plural forms ending in -ārum and -ōrum, but some words can take the short ending -um (without preceding -ār-/-ōr-) instead: this is common with words denoting weights, measures and monetary value and with distributive numerals.

• In the second declension, the short genitive plural in -um can be found:
  • in distributive numerals: e.g. bīnus
  • in names of weights and measures: dēnārius, medimnum, nummus, sēstertius, stadium, talentum
  • in deus and dīvus (the latter having the archaic genitive plural form divom, spelled with O due to the preceding V)
  • in various other words, especially in poetry
• In the first declension, the short genitive plural in -um can be found:
  • in the Greek-derived measure words amphora and drachma (less frequently than drachmārum)
  • in dactylic verse, in compounds of -cola and -gena
  • in dactylic verse, in some masculine Greek proper nouns, such as patronymics

The spelling -ûm (or -ôm after V/U), introduced in the Renaissance, is used in some New Latin texts for forms such as amphorûm and deûm. These forms were misinterpreted as contractions of amphorārum and deōrum and were therefore incorrectly assumed to end in -ūm (with a vowel long by nature) in contrast to -ŭm (with a vowel short by nature, as in accusative singular deum). Compare the use of the circumflex in New Latin to distinguish the ablative ending -â (with long ā) from the nominative/vocative ending -a (with short ă) in first declension singular nouns, or to mark third-person plural perfect forms ending in -ēre, which was assumed to be a "contracted" form of the alternative ending -ērunt (e.g. fuêre, taken to be a contraction of fuerent). However, the assumed distinction in vowel length between genitive plural deûm with long ū and accusative singular deum with short ŭ is outdated: according to modern etymological understanding, all Latin words ending in -um, regardless of their case, number or declension, were pronounced in Classical Latin with a short vowel in the final syllable. Rather than being contractions, second-declension genitive plural forms in -um such as deum are archaisms showing the original Proto-Indo-European inflection pattern for nouns of this declension.

Third declension words that have genitive plurals ending in -um as an alternative to -ium have also been spelled with -ûm, again with the justification that the shorter ending is interpreted as being a contraction of the longer variant. Examples are coelestûm and caedûm used as spellings of the short genitive plurals of coelestis and caedes (compared to the long forms coelestium and caedium).

Aside from the contraction hypothesis, the use of the circumflexed spelling -ûm may additionally have been influenced by the use of the circumflex in the spelling of Greek genitive plural forms ending in -ῶν.

参照

固有名詞

U-M

1. Initialism of University of Michigan.

   Alternative form: UM

   Synonyms: UMich, Michigan

   Coordinate terms: MSU, Michigan State (not to be confused)

名詞

UM (plural UMs)

1. (philately) Initialism of unmounted mint.

参考

• MUH
• MNH

アナグラム

• -mu-, MU, Mu, mu

語源

From 中期英語 um-, umbe-, embe-, from 古期英語 ymb-, ymbe- (“around”), from Proto-West Germanic *umbi-, from Proto-Germanic *umbi (“around, about, by, near”), from Proto-Indo-European *h₂m̥bʰi (“round about, around”). Cognate with Dutch om- (“around”), German um- (“around”), Latin amb- (“around, about”), Latin ambi- (“both”), Ancient Greek ἀμφί (amphí, “around, about”), Sanskrit अभि (abhi, “against, about”).

接頭辞

um-

1. (rare, now rarely productive, primarily in dialects, chiefly Scotland) Prefix meaning around, about.

派生語

アナグラム

• -mu-, MU, Mu, mu