PLUSとは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [pɫʊs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [plus]

接尾辞

-plus (feminine -pla, neuter -plum); first/second-declension suffix

1. -times, -fold, suffix used to form proportional numerals

使用する際の注意点

The proportional suffix -plus tends to describe a ratio of size or quantity relative to something else ("so many times as much, so many times as large") and is often used in the neuter singular form as a noun or an adverbial accusative. This proportional suffix is only attested in Classical Latin for a small set of numbers, perhaps only simplus (“simple”), duplus (“twice as much”), triplus (“three times as much”), quadruplus (“four times as much”), octuplus (“eightfold, eight times as much”), and sēscuplus (“one-and-a-half times as much”). It can be found attached to other numbers in postclassical texts, with various analogical alterations in form. For example, aside from -uplus as in octuplus, the suffix can be found in the forms:

• -cuplus (from rebracketing of decuplus, possibly also of quīncuplus), as in nōncuplus (“ninefold”), sexcuplus (“sixfold”)
• -ecuplus, probably by rebracketing of decuplus, seen in tens (such as vīgecuplus or vīcecuplus (“twentyfold”), quadrāgecuplus (“fortyfold”), octōgecuplus (“eightyfold”), from vīgintī, quadrāgintā, octōgintā), in millecuplus (“thousandfold”), and in nōnecuplus (another variant for "ninefold").

Several numbers show multiple alternative formations. The ordinal numerals seem to have influenced some forms, such as quīntuplus (“fivefold”), sextuplus (“sixfold”), nōnuplus (“ninefold”) from quīntus (“fifth”), sextus (“sixth”), nōnus (“ninth”).

The multiplicative suffix -plex has a similar meaning, but tends to be used adjectivally to describe something composed of or possessing multiple parts.

語形変化

First/second-declension adjective.

派生語

参照

発音

• (Received Pronunciation, General American, Canada) IPA: /plʌs/
• (General Australian, New Zealand) IPA: /plɐs/
• 韻: -ʌs

前置詞

plus

1. And; sum of the previous one and the following one.

   Two plus two equals four.

   A water molecule is made up of two hydrogen atoms plus one of oxygen.

2. (colloquial) With; having in addition.

   I've won a holiday to France plus five hundred euros in spending money!

同意語

• and

反意語

• minus

接続詞

plus

1. And also; in addition; besides (which).

   Let's go home now. It's late, plus I'm not feeling too well.

名詞

plus (plural pluses or plusses)

1. A positive quantity.
   • 2023 April 19, Pip Dunn, “Jack of all trades... and master of most”, in RAIL, number 981, page 57:

     But the pluses far outweigh the criticisms.

2. An asset or useful addition.

   He is a real plus to the team.

   • 2000 July 6, N. R. Kleinfield, quoting Dog, “Guarding the Borders Of the Hip-Hop Nation”, in The New York Times‎, →ISSN, archived from the original on 20 April 2023:

     Look at Trife. He's got two felonies. That means he's finished in society. But he can rap. His two felonies, in rap, man, that's a plus.

   • 2021 February 2, Katharine Murphy, “Scott Morrison must heed the lesson of Donald Trump and slap down Craig Kelly”, in The Guardian‎, archived from the original on 27 April 2021:

     When Morrison mulls the pluses and minuses associated with rebuking Kelly for undermining the government’s public health messaging, the prime minister faces a genuine substantive dilemma, and that goes to the risks of amplification.

3. (arithmetic) A plus sign: +.
4. Abbreviation of LGBT+

   (Can we add an example for this sense?)

同意語

• (useful addition): asset
• (arithmetic: plus sign): plus sign

反意語

• (antonym(s) of “useful addition”): liability, minus
• (antonym(s) of “arithmetic: plus sign”): minus, minus sign

形容詞

plus (not comparable)

1. Being positive rather than negative or zero.

   −2 * −2 = +4 ("minus 2 times minus 2 equals plus four")

2. Positive, or involving advantage.

   He is a plus factor.

3. (physics) Electrically positive.

   A battery has both a plus pole and a minus pole.

4. (postpositive, somewhat informal) (Of a quantity) Equal to or greater than; or more; upwards.

   The bus can fit 60 plus kids, but we only get 48.

5. (postpostitive, informal) And more.
   • 1985 August 10, “Personal advertisement”, in Gay Community News, volume 13, number 5, page 13:

     Have you been to Brazil, Bhutan, or Botswana? Well, I haven't and I'm reday to go ― almost anywhere interesting actually. Warm, wise world traveler seeks equally exciting, self-sufficient soul for adventures plus.

同意語

• (being positive rather than negative or zero): positive
• (positive, involving advantage): advantageous, good, positive

反意語

• (antonym(s) of “being positive rather than negative or zero”): minus, negative
• (antonym(s) of “positive, involving advantage”): bad, disadvantageous, minus, negative

動詞

plus (third-person singular simple present pluss or plusses, present participle plusing or plussing, simple past and past participle plused or plussed)

1. (informal) To add; to subject to addition.
   • 1973, Australian Council for Educational Research, ACER research series - Issues 93-95, page 39:

     For him y is a unique number, like 7, but for the time being unknown — if one does the operation of 'plussing 4' one still has, as a result, a unique number even though one does not yet know what it is.

   • 1974, Control of Human Behavior: Behavior modification in education:

     The teacher observing the behavior of a child who is plussing or not-plussing is observing instances or not-instances of the concept of plussing.

2. (often followed by 'up') To increase in magnitude.
   • 2006, Danny Fingeroth, Mike Manley, How to Create Comics: From Script to Print, →ISBN, page 48:

     I am doing a lot of writing here, plussing the script, adding sequences.

   • 2009, United States Congress House Committee on Homeland Security, The Direction and Viability of the Federal Protective Service:

     We are losing at the street level a number of officers, but we are plussing up deputy positions.

   • 2012, United States Congress House Committee on Armed Services Subcommittee on Military Personnel, Military Retirement Reform, page 24:

     And I believe that, if we can't recognize that in retirement, we ought to recognize it in plussing up hazardous duty pay, plussing up sea duty pay and all those other things that recognize people that don't punch out on Saturday, on Friday afternoon and go home, and just, you know, go day after day after day.

3. To improve.
   • 1998, Nate Booth, Strategies for Fast-Changing Times, →ISBN, page 91:

     Coach Wooden didn't have to depend upon having the most talented players on his team because he could depend upon plussing to constantly make everyone better.

   • 2007, Howard Hendricks, Color Outside the Lines, →ISBN, page 123:

     Keep fooling around with it, improving it, and making it better. You know you have a unique factor when someone steals it. So keep the unique factor unique by constantly plussing it.

   • 2004, Pat Williams, Jim Denney, How to Be Like Walt: Capturing the Disney Magic Every Day of Your Life, →ISBN, page 154:

     He was a pioneer in plussing the artform of animated cartoons. He began by plussing Micky Mouse with sound, the plussing the Silly Symphonies with color. Walt plussed the skills of his artists by sending them to art school at his own expense.

4. To provide critical feedback by giving suggestions for improvement rather than criticisms.
   • 2013, David Burkus, The Myths of Creativity, →ISBN:

     The animators and directors on the receiving end of the plussing don't necessarily have to accept and incorporate the feedback, but plussing provides a method to share criticisms in a way that makes it more likely that they will.

   • 2014, Steven Krupp, Paul J.H. Schoemaker, Winning the Long Game: How Strategic Leaders Shape the Future, →ISBN:

     Strategic leaders can adapt the US Army's after-action review and Pixar's plussing technique (where you build on ideas rather than critique and subtract) to show their teams how to learn from mistakes.

   • 2014, BusinessNews Publishing, Summary : Little Bets - Peter Sims, →ISBN:

     When people view the early drafts of ideas for their movies under development, they always use plussing to try and come up with suggestions for enhancements. Feedback is always given in an upbeat rather than a derogatory manner.

5. (sales) To sell additional related items with an original purchase.
   • 1920, The Current Business Cyclopedia: Business Digest:

     Good will is also secured by plussing the original purchase with another article that goes appropriately with it.

   • 1986, Max Fallek, How to Set Up and Operate Your Own Law Practice:

     Plussing the original sale creates a win-win situation. The customer benefits because it often saves him the time necessary to run back to the store for overlooked items.

6. (psychology) To frame in a positive light; to provide a sympathetic interpretation.
   • 1979, Douglas A. Puryear, Helping People in Crisis, page 87:

     Plussing is a technique for enhancing a positive atmosphere in the session, for diminishing hostility, and for raising self-esteem.

   • 1997, Bernard L. Bloom, Planned short-term psychotherapy: a clinical handbook, page 187:

     In addition to active listening as a general therapeutic strategy, Puryear identifies two specific techniques, plussing and paradox, that are used throughout the crisis intervention.

   • 2015, Kenneth France, Crisis Intervention, →ISBN, page 177:

     When plussing, the intervenor introduces novel viewpoints that can increase the self-esteem of both the attacker and the target.

7. (social media, dated) To give a mark of approval on Google+.

   Coordinate term: like

   • 2012, Lee Odden, Optimize, →ISBN, page 111:

     How do you get others to add you or your brand to their circles? By creating and sharing useful content, commenting, plussing others' content and comments, and engaging with others on Google+.

   • 2014, Ed Catmull, Creativity, Inc., →ISBN, page 279:

     Everyone was plussing them or liking them or pinning them. The videos went viral.

8. (homeopathy) To increase the potency of a remedy by diluting it in water and stirring.
   • 2005, B. Sahni, Transmission of Homoeo Drug Energy from Distance, →ISBN, page 188:

     On hearing this, plussing was done (all medicated water of the phial was thrown away and fresh distilled was added and 10 strokes were given) on the 13th February 1974.

   • 2007, Kate Birch, Vaccine Free Prevention and Treatment of Infectious Contagious Disease with Homeopathy, →ISBN:

     From the remaining water a second dilution can be prepared plussing it to the next slightly higher potency.

   • 2011, Kim Lane, Homeopathy for Home: Acute Illness & Injury Care, →ISBN, page 29:

     Plussing is used quite frequently in a patient who's quite sensitive or has an acute problem happening or needs to change his dose or need to take it over several days.

9. (optometry) To increase a correction.
   • 1976, David M. Worthen, Perry S. Binder, The intraocular lens in perspective, →ISBN, page 2:

     No aspheric cataract spectacle lens designer has ever given the slightest thought to this 4 to 6 diopters of over-plussing for peripheral vision which is responsible for tremendous peripheral distortion, worse peripheral swim, worse false orientation, worse magnification, severe concave curvature of field ("The floor comes up at you"), increased ring scotoma size and increase jack-in-the-box phenomenon (the "horse-blinder effect") with unsafe walking and driving.

派生語

参考

• add
• addition
• times

アナグラム

• ULSP, LPUs, LPUS, ULPs, puls, ulps

発音

• (Classical Latin) IPA: [ˈpɫuːs]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA: [ˈplus]

形容詞

plūs (comparative, neuter plūs); third declension

1. comparative degree of multus (“many”)
   1. (in the plural) more (in quantity)

      Antonyms: paucior, minus multus

      • 165 BCE, Publius Terentius Afer, Hecyra 281:

        Nemini plura acerba credo esse ex amore homini umquam oblata / quam mi.

        • 2001 translation by John Barsby

          I don't believe anyone has ever had more anguish inflicted on him by love than I have.

      • 16 BCE, Ovid, The Loves 3.6.63-64:

        Ilia, pone metus! / tu centum aut plures inter dominabere nymphas; / nam centum aut plures flumina nostra tenent.

        • 1914 translation by Grant Showerman, revised by G. P. Goold

          Ilia, lay aside thy fears! Thou shalt be mistress among a hundred nymphs, or more; for a hundred, or more, are the nymphs that dwell in my stream.

   2. (in the plural) several, many
      • c. 4 BCE – 65 CE, Seneca the Younger, Epistulae Morales ad Lucilium 1.2.5:

        Hoc ipse quoque faciō: ex plūribus quae lēgī, aliquid apprehendō.

        This I myself also do: from the many [things] which I have read, I obtain something [to reflect upon].

      • c. 56 CE – 117 CE, Tacitus, Annals 3.34.25:

        Vix praesenti custodia manere inlaesa coniugia: quid fore si per pluris annos in modum discidii oblitterentur?

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • 23 BCE – 13 BCE, Horace, Odes 1.11, (5th Asclepiad):

        Seu plūrīs hiemēs seu tribuit Juppiter ultimam,
        quae nunc oppositīs dēbilitat pūmicibus mare
        Tyrrhēnum, sapiās, vīna liquēs et spatiō brevī
        spem longam resecēs.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

   3. (in the singular, New Latin) more, additional

      Synonym: largior

      • 1618, Isaac Beeckman, Journal, page 106 recto; quoted in Charles Adam and Paul Tannery, Œuvres de Descartes, Paris: Léopold Cerf, 1908, page 221, footnote c:

        Eodem modo quo spatium multiplicatur, etiam impedimentum multiplicatur, si intelligas in aere vel aqua, id est in pleno, quicquam cadere. Res enim cadens descibit figuram oblongam, lineis omnibus parallelam; cùm res secundâ horâ velocius cadit, plusque spacij percurrat, ea est proportio figuræ quam primâ horâ describit ad eam quam describit secundâ horâ, ut spacium primâ horâ peragratum ad secundâ horâ peragratum. Si igitur res cadens ab impedimento non impediretur, tanto pluri aeri secundâ horâ occurreret, quanto majus est secundæ horæ paralelipipedum, quàm primæ horæ.

        (please add an English translation of this quotation)

      • 1764, Francisco Puente, Ars Hippocratica, vel Hippocrates Extractus a Practico Celtibero, page 20:

        Sudor multus ex somno factus sine causa manifesta, corpus uti plure cibo significat; si autem non, evacuatione indiget.

        Much sweat made in sleep without a clear cause means that the body uses more food; but if not, it needs evacuation.

使用する際の注意点

• In classical Latin, always plural when used as an adjective. The neuter singular plūs, inflected from the same stem, is used only as a pronoun or adverb. To express "more" of a singular noun denoting an uncountable substance, the pronoun plūs is used with the genitive singular of the noun: e.g. plūs aquae "more water", literally "more of water", plūs āeris "more air", literally "more of air".
• The word maior (“greater”), the comparative of magnus, is used to express greater magnitude, and is sometimes used in contexts where English might use "more" (e.g. maior pecūnia "more money; a greater sum", maiōre vī "with more/greater force", maiōre spatiō temporis "more time; a greater interval of time").

語形変化

Irregular third-declension comparative adjective, plural-only in Classical Latin.

None of the singular forms are used as adjectives in Classical Latin.

派生語

代名詞

plūs (neuter plūs); third-declension neuter pronoun

1. more; more of

   Synonym: amplius

   Antonym: minus

   • 84 BCE, Cicero, De inventione 1.88:

     "Cum dicebas: Si indigetis pecuniae, pecuniam non habetis, hoc intellegebam: Si propter inopiam in egestate estis, pecuniam non habetis, et idcirco concedebam; cum autem hoc sumebas: Indigetis autem pecuniae, illud accipiebam: Vultis autem pecuniae plus habere. Ex quibus concessionibus non conficitur hoc: Pauperes igitur estis; conficeretur autem, si tibi primo quoque hoc concessissem, qui pecuniam maiorem vellet habere, eum pecuniam non habere."

     • 1949 translation by H. M. Hubbell

       "When you said, 'If you want money, you do not have money,' I understood it to mean, 'If on account of poverty you are in extreme want, you do not have money,' and therefore I granted the point; when, however, you said, 'You do want money,' I took that to mean 'You do want to have more money.' From this admission it does not follow that you are poor. It would follow, if at first I had made this admission also, 'Whoever wishes to have more money, does not have money.'"

   • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita 7.41:

     Itaque cum hoc unum propter Salonium ab senatu non impetraretur, tum Salonius obtestatus patres conscriptos ne suum honorem pluris quam concordiam civitatis aestimarent, perpulit ut id quoque ferretur.

     • 1924 translation by B. O. Foster

       And so, when this one provision would have failed of enactment by the senate, out of consideration for Salonius, he himself besought the Fathers not to think more highly of his distinction than of harmony in the state, and induced them to pass this also.

   • 4 CE – c. 70 CE, Columella, De Arboribus 10.4.6:

     Sed quaecumque in clivis erunt positae, ita ablaqueandae sunt, ut a superiore parte secundum codicem lacusculi fiant, ab inferiore autem pulvilli altiores excitentur, quo plus aquae limique contineant.

     • 1955 translation by E. S. Forster, Edward H. Heffner

       But any vines which are planted on slopes must be trenched in such a way that pools may be formed on the higher ground next the stem, and ridges raised to a greater height on the lower ground, so as to contain more water and mud.

   • 1271 – 1272, Thomas Aquinas, In decem libros Ethicorum expositio book 8.lectio 13.n. 7:

     Illi enim qui utuntur se invicem ad utilitatem, semper pluri indigent quam eis detur, et existimant quod minus recipiant quam eis conveniat.

     For those who use each other for benefit always want more than is given to them, and think that they receive less than is suitable for them.

使用する際の注意点

• Can be used with a partitive genitive to express "more of" or with quam to express "more than".
• In classical Latin, primarily used in the nominative/accusative, or in the genitive to express value. The ablative singular form plūre could also be used to express value in early Latin, but only a few attestations of this exist, and it may have become archaic in Classical Latin.
• In postclassical Latin, the ablative singular is sometimes plūrī instead of plūre.

語形変化

Third-declension pronoun (neuter, i-stem, no dative singular, ablative singular in -e or occasionally -ī), singular only.

副詞

plūs (comparative)

1. comparative degree of multō (“by much, by far”): further (more in extent)

   Synonym: magis (magis indicates more in degree')

   Plus ultra! = "Further beyond!" (this is the national motto of Spain)

派生した語

参考

• plērus

参照

Further reading

• “multus” in volume 8, column 1606, line 32 in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (TLL Open Access), Berlin (formerly Leipzig): De Gruyter (formerly Teubner), 1900–present
• “plus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “plus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891), An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• "plus", in Charles du Fresne du Cange, Glossarium Mediæ et Infimæ Latinitatis (augmented edition with additions by D. P. Carpenterius, Adelungius and others, edited by Léopold Favre, 1883–1887)
• “plus”, in Gaffiot, Félix (1934), Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.
• Carl Meißner; Henry William Auden (1894), Latin Phrase-Book‎, London: Macmillan and Co.
  • twenty years and more: viginti anni et amplius, aut plus
    
  • one, two, several days had passed, intervened: dies unus, alter, plures intercesserant
    
  • to expend great labour on a thing: egregiam operam (multum, plus etc. operae) dare alicui rei
    
  • to discuss a subject more fully on the same lines: plura in eam sententiam disputare
    
  • to give a full, detailed account of a thing: pluribus verbis, copiosius explicare, persequi aliquid
    
  • to possess great political insight: plus in re publica videre
    
  • to say nothing further on..: ut plura non dicam
    
  • in short; to be brief: ne multa, quid plura? sed quid opus est plura?
    
  • more of this another time: sed de hoc alias pluribus
    

接頭辞

plus-

1. An intensifying prefix, roughly equivalent to more or very.
   • 2020 August 8, Zui, “Controlled Languages — Newspeak”, in The Language Closet‎:

     The main prefixes in the controlled language include “un-“, “plus-“, “doubleplus-“, “ante-” and “post-“. […] “Plus-” and “doubleplus-” are both intensifiers that replace words of different extremities, and the words very and extremely respectively.

派生語