over-とは 意味・読み方・使い方

発音

• • (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈəʊ̯və/, [ˈəʊ̯.və]
  • (General American, Canada) IPA: /ˈoʊ̯vəɹ/, [ˈoʊ.vɚ]
  • (General Australian) IPA: /ˈəʉvə/, [ˈɐʉ̯.vɐ]
  • (New Zealand) IPA: /ˈɐʉ̯və/, [ˈɐʉ̯.vɐ]
  • (Scotland) IPA: [ˈo̝.vər]
  • (India) IPA: [ˈoː.bʱə(ɾ)]

接頭辞

over-

1. Above, or higher.

   overbar, overlook

2. Superior.

   overlord

3. Excessive; excessively.

   overkind, overloud, overstate

4. Surrounding or covering.

   overcoat, overpaint

5. (augmentative) Exceptional; extremely or intensely.

使用する際の注意点

Comparison of relative combinations (two separate words, hyphenated or a single compound word) does not easily fit a pattern; terms become compound words as they are broadly accepted.

同意語

• (excessively): hyper-, ultra-, ana-
• (augmentative): super-, supra-, hyper-, ultra-, uber-, macro-, arch-, mega-, giga-, -zilla, grand

派生語

アナグラム

• -vore, Vore, rove, vore

別の表記

• o'er (adverb, preposition)
• ower (Northumbria)

発音

• (英国発音)
  • (Received Pronunciation) IPA: /ˈəʊ.və(ɹ)/
  • (Northumbria) IPA: /aʊæ/
• (General American) enPR: ō'vər, IPA: /ˈoʊ.vɚ/
• 韻: -əʊvə(ɹ)
• ハイフネーション: o‧ver

語源 1

From 中期英語 over, from 古期英語 ofer, from Proto-West Germanic *obar, from Proto-Germanic *uber (“over”), from Proto-Indo-European *upér, related to *upó.

Akin to Scots ower (“over”), Yola oer, ower, owr (“over”), Saterland Frisian uur (“over”), West Frisian oer (“over, across”), Cimbrian übar (“over”), Dutch over (“over”), German ober, über, ueber (“over, above”), Limburgish euver, övver (“over”), Low German över, üöver (“over”), Luxembourgish iwwer (“over”), Mòcheno iber (“over”), Yiddish איבער (iber, “over”), Danish, Norwegian Bokmål over (“over”), Faroese yvir (“over”), Icelandic yfir (“over”), Norwegian Nynorsk over, yver, yvi (“over”), Swedish över (“over”), Gothic 𐌿𐍆𐌰𐍂 (ufar, “over”), Latin super (“over, above”), Ancient Greek ὑπέρ (hupér, “over, above”), Albanian upri (“group of peasants”), Sanskrit उपरि (upári, “over”). Doublet of uber, super, and hyper.

形容詞

over (not comparable)

1. Finished; ended; concluded.

   The show isn't over until the fat lady sings.

   The strawberries are over now. I picked the last few yesterday.

   1. (botany) Of a flower: wilting or withering.
2. (informal, of an ongoing situation) Hopeless; irrecoverable.

   We're keeping our marriage going for the sake of the kids, but really it's over.

3. (informal) Visiting one's home or other location.

   My sister's over for the week.

4. Having surmounted an obstacle.

   The horse struggled at that fence, but it's over.

5. (informal) Having an excess in a particular respect.

   This steak is well over. (overcooked)

   We had some complaints about short weight, so now we make sure that all our bags of potatoes are a bit over. (overweight)

6. Surplus to requirements.

   I made 20 cakes, but I only need 18, so there are two over.

7. (professional wrestling slang) Of a wrestler: generating a reaction from fans.

使用する際の注意点

Not normally used attributively (before a noun). (Attributive use occurs rarely in informal language, e.g. "an over relationship".)

"Over" as a first element in British place names can mean "upper" or "higher", apparently from Old English ufera or uferra.

派生語

• game over
• overness

副詞

over (not comparable)

1. Describing a physical change of position or state.
   1. From one position or location to another, horizontally or approximately so, or along a route visualised as "across".

      That vase isn't exactly central. Could you move it over a couple of inches?

      I slid over to make room for him to sit down.

      Please pass the chocolates over to me.

      "Come over to my house and play!" — "Sure, I'll bring over a pizza."

      He's driven over from Bristol.

      In the future, when space travel is affordable to everyone, we'll be able to pop over to the Moon for a weekend.

   2. Across from one side of something to the other.

      I need to cross the river. Can you take me over in your boat?

   3. So as to pass above.

      I looked up just as a helicopter flew over.

   4. Up one side of something, across, and then down the other side.

      The fence is too high. I don't think I'll be able to get over.

      The boiling milk bubbled over onto the cooker top.

   5. Across something, such as an edge, and then downwards.

      The car rolled to the edge of the cliff and went straight over.

   6. From an upright position to a horizontal one.

      He tipped the bottle over, and the water came gushing out.

      That building just fell over!

   7. So as to fold towards or onto itself.

      Bend the end of that wire over to make a hook.

      He bent over to touch his toes.

      The leaves have curled over.

   8. On top of something, or so as to cover something.

      Paint it over with a darker colour.

      It's starting to cloud over.

   9. So as to reverse up/down orientation, or otherwise change orientation by rotating.

      Put the card face down, and don't turn it over until I say so.

      I can't sleep on my back. I have to roll over onto my side.

   10. So as to reverse or exchange position(s).

       Swap those cables over. The red one should be in the left socket.

2. Expressing figurative movement from one position or state across to another.

   He came over to our way of thinking on the new project.

   I switched over to Channel 9.

   I signed the property over to him.

   This advertisement doesn't clearly get the idea over.

3. Indicating a direction or location away from the speaker, usually roughly horizontally or visualised as such.

   I'll see you over at the club.

   Look over there!

4. Thoroughly; completely; from beginning to end.

   Let's talk over the project at tomorrow's meeting.

   Let me think that over.

   I'm going to look over our department's expenses.

   • 1661, John Fell, The Life of the most learned, reverend and pious Dr. H. Hammond‎:

     During the whole time of his abode in the university he generally spent thirteen hours of the day in study; by which assiduity besides an exact dispatch of the whole course of philosophy, he read over in a manner all classic authors that are extant […]

5. (often in compounds) To a high or excessive degree; overly; see also over-.

   I'm not over bothered about going to the party.

   If you're over tentative then you'll get nowhere.

   • 1934, Agatha Christie, chapter 12, in Murder on the Orient Express, London: HarperCollins, published 2017, page 158:

     She seemed a placid creature altogether - eminently respectable - perhaps not over intelligent.

6. Beyond or in excess of what is correct or expected.

   The show ran ten minutes over.

   We tried to stick to budget, but in the end we went twenty dollars over.

7. To a future time.

   Carry the shortfall over and we'll make it up tomorrow.

8. Overnight (throughout the night).

   We missed the last bus home so we stayed over.

   Can I sleep over?

9. Indicating repetition.
   1. (US, usually with do) Again; another time; once more; over again.

      I lost my paper and I had to do the entire assignment over.

   2. Used for rhetorical effect to reinforce that something was done the stated number of times.

      I said the magic word three times over, and the secret door slid open.

10. See also individual entries for phrasal verbs: go over, hand over, run over, take over, win over, etc.

使用する際の注意点

When used in the sense "from one location to another", over implies that the two places are at approximately the same height or the height difference is not relevant. For example, if two offices are on the same floor of a building, an office worker might say I'll bring that over for you, while if the offices were on different floors, the sentence would likely be I'll bring that up [down] for you. However, distances are not constrained, e.g. He came over from England last year and now lives in Los Angeles or I moved the stapler over to the other side of my desk.

派生語